საქართველო 228 წლის გასაყარზე

ეს წერილი ამ ოცდაათი თითქმის ოცდაათი წლის წინ დაიწერა და 1983 წლიდან ყოველ ათწლედში ხელმეორედ და არსებითად უცვლელი სახით ქვეყნდებოდა. ის გადაიცა რადიო 'თავისუფლების' ეთერში, ''ივერიაში', წაკითხულ იქნა მოხენებად თბილისში. ახლა კვლავ ვაქვეყნებ იმავე სახით, რა სახითაც ის გამოქვეყნდა უკანასკნელად 2009 წელს. ჩემი 'ბლოგის' სახელქოდება აღებულია ჩემი 1955 წელს დაწყებული უბის წიგნაკების საერთო სახელწოდებიდან.





janri kaSia



saqarTvelo

228 wlis winandel gzajvaredinze![1]

1783_1983-93-203- 2009...2011



(eris TviTmkvleloba)





I



XXI saukunis gariJraJze, ocwliani unayofo da TviTmomspobi ‘Zalisxmevebis’ Sedegad saqarTvelo daubrunda im gzajvaredins, romelzedac igi idga... 226 wlis win.

ilia WavWavaZis dakrZalvaze warmoTqmul araCveulebrivad mRelvare da Zlier sityvaSi mixako wereTelma ase daaxasiaTa qarTveli eris TviTmkvlelobiTi Zalisxmevebi:

‘‘vina sTqva saqarTvelozed _ ‘ra didi lomi kvdebao!’ _ bevrma ram da bevrma vinmem! _ yofilan Cvens istoriaSi Savni droni, rodesac Tavzardamcemi sityvani _ saqarTvelos didi lomi hkvdeba, _ simarTled mogvCvenebia, eWvs Seupyria mTeli saqarTvelos goneba, marTla xom ar waxda saqarTvelo saukunod! iyo erTi, ukanaskneli Savi dro, odes saqarTvelos lomi politikurad mokvda, damarxa ra Tavisive xeliT Tavisi sakuTari damoukidebloba, da Semdeg, mTeli asis wlis ganmavlobaSi, mTeli misi arseba, momakvdavi, sulsa Rafavda. magram am Sav droebazed ufro medgrad da ufro kadnierad ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelebma wamogvZaxes yurSi mTel saqarTvelos _ saqarTvelo, es didi lomi marTlac mokvda, _ mokvda zneobrivad, da es sikvdili misi saukeTeso Zis, misi didebis veragulad mokvlaSi gamoixata!...~.

mixako wereTlis am sulisSemZvreli sityvis istoriuli foni aseTi iyo:

228 wlis win, qarTl kaxeTis mefis erekle meoris winaSe idga sakiTxi ruseTTan saqarTvelos damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, da, kerZod, ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS qarTl_kaxeTis samefos Sesvlis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxma aRmosavleT saqarTvelo orad gahyo. SemdgomSi, dasavleT saqarTveloc orad gahyo am kiTxvam. 117 wlis Semdeg, gaerTianebul damoukidebel saqarTvelosac igive sakiTxi hqonda gadasawyveti da maSinac orad gaiyo saqarTvelo. mas Semdeg, kidev 70 weli iyo saqarTvelo ruseTis mier dafuZnebuli totlitaruli sistemis tyve da moskovis satrapi. politikurad satrapi, ukve 60-iani wlebis Suidan (‘stagnaciis’ dasawyisidan) materialurad did aRmavlobas ganicdida da totalitaruli imperiuli wyobis da ruseTis ganuzomeli simdidrisa da bazris yvela SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT sabWoTa kavSiris erTerTi yvelaze mdidari da ganviTarebuli respublika gaxda. problema rCeboda, magram is pirovnuli Tavisuflebis Sefasebis doneze wydeboda. erovnuli konsolidacia sakmaod maRal xarisxSi vlindeboda, gansakuTrebiT sportSi da inteleqtualur doneze im momentamde, vidre 1972 wels saTaveSi ar movida neokomunistebis axali Taoba, eduard SevardnaZis kadrebiT. SevardnaZe sakmaod martivi politikuri cnobierebis mqone, magram daxvewili sakadro intrigebis ostati aRmoCnda. mis xelSi saqarTvelo mxolod piradi karieris sacvlel ‘zroxad’ gadaiqca. zneoba, romelic saqarTvelosadmi siyvarulSi jer kidev qveynis sasargeblod amoqmedebda stagnaciis epoqis (breJnev-mJavanaZis) qarTvel komunistebs, sruliad moiSala da daeca. neokomunisturi wmendebis seriam TandaTan Caaqro is gadamrCeni energia, romliTac saqarTvelo sazrdoobda 50-60-ian wlebSi. yovelgvari kerZo iniciativa mospobil iqna imgvari meTodebiT, romlebic avadxsenebul ‘did terors’ moagonebda adamians. miuxedavad yovelivesi qarTvelobam mainc moaxerxa Tavisi erovnuli energiis gamovlena im ‘didi testis’ dros, rodesac moskovma gadawyviTa respublikebis saxelmwifo enis gauqmeba da misi Canacvleba erTiani saxelmwifo eniT _ rusuliT. testi saqarTveloSi iqna gasinjuli, magram qarTvel srudentTa da inteleqtualTa ZalisxmeviT protestma gasWra da es saxifaTo gadawyvetileba ar iqna miRebuli. SevardnaZem kargad gamoiyena es politikuri marcxi da miiwera rogorc piradi ZalisxmeviT gamarjveba. es yovelive dagvirgvinda oTxi axalgazrdisa da mRvdlis daxvretiT 1983 wels ‘TviTmfrinavis gatacebis mcdelobisaTvis’. SevardnaZis didi damsaxureba iyo mis mier oficialurad daarsebuli, helsinkis xelSekrulebis meTvalyure ‘arasamTavrobo’ jgufebis marTva da maTze kontroli. amisaTvis mas esaWiroeboda ‘nacionalisturi’ ideologiis gamococxleba da im mimarTulebiT misi amoZraveba, romelic mas moskovis winaSe am procesis marTvis erTaderTi Zalis saxels moutanda. Tumc SevardnaZem moaxerxa 1978 wels helsinkis moZraobis Caqroba, erovnuli cnobiereba da grZnobebi ukve TavisTavad Rvivdeboda da masSi sul ufro daufro meti axalgazrda ebmeboda mosaxleobis nawilis uxmo mxardaWeriT. saqarTveloSi erovnuli energiis impulsis warmoqmnas didi Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeboda arasdros. yvelaze didi problema, yovelTvis iyo (gansakuTrebiT XIX s. da XX dasawyisSi) Tu ramdenad Segnebuli da politikurad mwife iyo es impulsi da ramdenad Seesatyviseboda misi veqtori dasaxul mizans. mizani ki TiTqmis mTeli istoriis manZilze erTi da igive iyo: ‘Cveni Tavis Cvenadve yudneba’. es grZnoba, rom qarTvelebi yovelTvis viRacis, ‘sxvis’ nebas asruleben da sxvisi brZanebiT cxovroben, badebda ‘Cveni Tavis Cvenadve yudnebis’ am moucilebel wuxils. es ki Tavis mxriv, xdeboda safuZveli aTasgvari mistificirebuli da, vityodi istoriofreniuli zmanebebisa: ‘Cven rom Cveni sakuTari cxovrebis gamgebelni viyoT, saqarTvelo samoTxe iqneba’ da misgvarni. magram rogorc ki amgvari SesaZlebloba iqmneboda, saqarTvelo ixliCeboda skeptikur da istoriofrenil nawilebad. arc erT da arc meore ganwyobas araviTari racionaluri, kritikuli da analitikuri politikuri arc gegma da arc mizani ar gaaCnda. es iwvevda imas, rom sabolood saqarTvelo vardeboda politikur intriganTa da karieristTa xelSi, romelTaTvis saqarTvelo araviTar sxva Rirebulebas ar warmoadgenda, Tu ar Tavisi sakuTari Zalauflebrivi miswrafebebis da pirovnuli zedgomis kompleqsis realizebis asparezs. es periodebi, pirdapir damokidebulebaSi iyo ruseTisadmi damokidebulebasTan, radgan ruseTi Tavisi imperialisturi kompleqsiTa da miswrafebebiT iTvleboda ‘saboloo’ mtrad, romelic xels uSlida saqarTvelos ganviTarebuliyo miwier samoTxed. amgvarad ruseTisadmi damokidebuleba gaxda sasinji qva ‘qarTvelobis’, ‘patriotobis’, ‘erovnulobis’ da a. S.



saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis 20 wlis Tavze ar aris gadawyvetili es sakiTxi da moskovma kvlav miisakuTra saqarTvelos terotoriis 20% saqarTvelo ki kvlav oradaa gayofili da isev am sakiTxis irgvliv. xelisuflebam, romelmac savsebiT ‘bolSevikuri meTodologiiT’ moaxerxa ruseTTan ise gaemwvavebina damokidebuleba, rom omi gamoiwvia da am uazro da imTaviTve wagebul omSi miarTva ruseTs ‘orjonikiZeseburad’ afxazeTi da gaugebrad aRdgenil saxeldebuli da avtonomiuri olqidan moulodnelad saqarTvelos kuTxed qceuli ‘samxreT oseTi’. samwuxaro faqtia Cveni cnobierebisa da istoriis, rom dRemde es sakiTxi ‘rusuli orientaciisa’ emociuri da fsevdointeleqtualuri sayvelpuro saubrebis anabaraa mitovebuli da ar momxdara misi arc seriozuli Seswavla, arc kritikuli analizi da arc integraluri warmodgena. sisruleze pretenziis gareSe, Sevecdebi ganvixilo ‘rusuli orientaciis’ sakiTxi saqarTvelos am ‘mudmivi’ Semobrunebis periodebis urTierTSedarebiT.



1915 wels, I msoflio omis dawyebisas, rodesac saqarTvelo jer kidev ruseTis guberniebs warmoadgenda, cvlilebebis molodinSi geronti qiqoZe werda: ‘guSin kidev Cveni filosofia pragmatuli iyo. Cveni zneoba individualisturi da egoisturi. Cveni mgrZnobiaroba erotiuli. calmxrivi utilitaristebi viyaviT da sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT vzomavdiT WeSmaritebasac, sikeTesac da mSvenierebasac. Cveni Tvalebi, yurebi da xelebi xarbad eZebda siamovnebas. yvelgan sadac ki SesaZlebeli iyo misi povna, siamovnebas xelovnurs, eqscesiurs, pilpilnarevs, romelic madas uRitinebs, magram ar akmayofilebs



gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom ara marto qarTvelebs, aramed yovel ers uklavs guls TavisTavze mware sityvis gagoneba. sakmarisia Caadaevis magaliTi gavixsenoT da, an, Tundac, ilia WavWavaZe. SesaZloa, ‘mtkivneulobis xarisxiT’ qarTvelebi gamovirCeviT, ara imdenad bunebrivi monacemebiT, ramdenadac kritikuli azrovnebisadmi miuCvevlobiT, kritikuli azrovnebis tradiciis uqonlobis gamo. evropuli civilizaciis ganviTareba Tanxvdeba kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas, radgan TviT ganviTarebis xelSesaxeboba am ganviTarebis procesis kritikul midevnebasa da gacnobierebaSi vlindeba. socialur_filosofiur konteqstSi Cven aq vxedavT Tanamedrove civilizaciis safuZvelmdebi kartezianuli ‘kogitaluri’ (azrovnebiTi) anu ‘cnobieri arsebobis’ arss: cnobieri arseboba _ gamoxatuli kartezianul daformulebaSi ‘vazrovneb, maSasadame, varsebob’ _ arsebiTa da bunebiT kritikulia. mas Tu ar upirispirdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi misgan gansxvavebul princips warmogviCens sxva tipis arseboba _ arakogitaluri, aracnobieri, ‘dajerebiTi’( mimndobi) arseboba. kartezianulis msgavsi daformulebiT am tipis arseboba SeiZleba gamoixatos ase: ‘mjera, maSasadame, varsebob’ (omi wavage, magram mjera da vendobi ‘sxvas’, rom movige da vzeimob, saxelmwifos mTeli segmentebi davapyrobine mters, magram mjera da vendobi ‘saxvas’, rom mas niRabi avxade da miT gavimarjve; vxedav, rom ingreva qveyana, magram mjera da vendobi ‘sxvas’, rom aRmSeneblobis gzaze vdgavar da vmxiarulob...… da ase Semdeg, pirovnuli, socialuri, Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mimarTebiT izrdeba mimndobi idiotizmebis rigi da xarisxi...). mimndobi, anu arakogitaluri (arakritikuli) sociotipis arseboba, istoriulad, pirvelad, ideologizirebuli masebis pirobebSi Camoyaliobda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnen tradiciuli arsebobis principebis rRvevas, ‘dekulturizacias’ da iwyebdnen arabunebriv da, amdenad ZalmomreobiT, ganviTarebas sakuTari tradiciuli, anu ‘bunebrivi’ kulturuli formebis ugulvebelyofis gziT. amgvarisociotipi imis sawinaaRmdego veqtorze iwyebs ganviTarebas, rac misi bunebis sawinaaRmdegoa da hkargavs gzas.



tradiciul, an pirvelad kulturul sazogadoebebSi, romlebic religiis safuZvelze formdebodnen kulturis matrica an yofierebis holograma, formdeboda bunebrasTan srul SesabamisobaSi. am SemTxvevaSi ‘buneba’ im geopolitikur garemosac gulisxmobs, romelSic saxlobdnen ‘mtrebic’ da ‘moyvrebic’. am hologramis anu msoflxatis safuZveli _ rwmeniTi mimarTeba _ ganisazRvreboda sazogadoebis ierar­qiul wyobaSi: RmerTidan _ adamianisaken. rwmeniTi arsebobis safuZvelic es iyo. ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT amgvar sazogadoebebSi ‘dro ar iZvris’, igi cikluria da brunavs usasrulod Taobata cvlaSi da Tavis bunebriv yofaSi. amgvari sazogadoebebi Caketili sazogadoebebia, ‘fatalisturi’ da ‘utopiur _ holisturi. im gagebiT, rom sazogadoebrivi arsebobis wesisdamdgeni subieqti am sazogadoebis ‘gareT’ aris gayvanili. igi ‘sxva’ aris, vidre saxeze myofi arseba, adamiani. adamians Rirebuleba ara aqvs, an aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac igi RmerTis, anu kulturis matricaSi dadgenil gangebas da wess asrulebs, imas, rasac ‘sjulis wesi’ ewodeba). ‘RmerTis neba’ gansazRvravs movlenaTa qveyniur rigs da xdeba is, rac unda moxdes. rwmeniTi sociotipis arsebobas gansazRvravs ara TavisTavad rwmena, aramed RmerTisadmi da tradiciisadmi uryevi rwmena. amgavri tipis sazogadoebis arseboba sagulvebelia Soreul warsulSi civilizaciis winare sazogadoebebSi, romlebsac pirovnebisa da Tavisuflebis sruliad gansxvavebuli gageba aqvT, an sruliadac ara aqvT es gageba. amgvari sociotipi arsebiTad araqristianulia. qristianuli civilizaciis ganviTarebis gza, ganasaxierebs adamianis Rirebulebisa da mniSvnelobis, pirovnebis (‘kacobis’, azriT: dedakacobis da mamakacobis) aRdgenas da dadgenas Tavisuflebis sruliad gansxvavebuli gagebis safuZvelze. RmrTisadmi rwmena indivi­dualuri, pirovnuli saqmea adamianis RmrTisadmi mimarTebis gzaze da mis miswrafebaSi moipovos ‘zeciuri moqalaqeoba’. am TvalsazrisiT adamiani Tavisufalia hqmnas sakuTari nebisa da cnebis mixedviT, cnobierad, radgan pasuxisgeba mis saqcielze ganisazRvreba misi saqmiT, da igi unda iyos mzad am pasuxisgebisaTvis. rwmeniTi ‘mindoba’ arsebobaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod RvTisadmi, arc erTi adamiani ar SeiZleba iqces rwmenis safuZvlad, imitom, rom adamianis Rirebuleba RvTis gankacebiT (Svilad) adamianSi kacobis aRdgeniT da jvarcmiT dadginda. qristianuli civilizaciis gza aris am Tavisuflebisa da Tanabrobis socialur sistemad dadgenis, anu cnobieri sazogadoebis Seqmnis gza.



RmrTisadmi rwmenas kritikis arcerTi aspeqti ar miudgeba. rwmena da azrovneba, am aspeqtiT, urTierTSi ver Tavsdeba. kulturuli, rwmeniTi arsebobis siRrmidan tertulianem zusti daformulebiT gamoTqva es: rwmena iwyeba iq, saca Tavdeba azris SesaZlebloba _ ‘credo qua ab surdum est’ (mwams, radgan azrs iqiTaa), azrisTvis miuwvdomelia. azrovneba da rwmena urTierTis gagrZelebaa. SeuZlebelia gwamdes im sazRvrebSi, ra sazRvrebSic muSaobs azrovneba. rac ginaxavs, an rac ‘ici’, risi codnac gaqvs, imas rwmena ar mieyeneba. amgvaria qristes cnobili mimarTva ‘urwmuno Tomasadmi’: ‘Sen mirwmune, imitom, rom mixile. netar arian aramxilvelni da morwmuneni’ _ xazs usvams zemoTqmuls, radgan xilva rwmenis saxea.



sxva viTarebaSia Tanamedrove masobrivi sociotipi, da misi ~saSeni aguri~ masadamiani, romelsac cxovreba uxdeba materialisturad da aTeisturad orientirebul hipersocialur sistemaSi, romelic kogitaluri arsebobis formaSia gansaxierebuli. ‘masadamianis’ yofiereba ‘mimndobi da fsevdorwmeniTi arsebobis’ sxvadasxva doneebs gvaZlevs, radgan ‘masadamians’ azrovneba ar SeuZlia. mas ar SeuZlia Seafasos Tavisi Tavi arc kargi da arc cudi mxridan, radgan CarTulia, mindobilia, upirovnod yvelaobs, ar moqmedebs Tavisi nebiTa da arCevaniT, aramed elodeba imas, rac mas unda ergos, iseve, rogorc yvelas, mas Rirseba ara aqvs, radgan ara aqvs pirovneba. gacilebiT urCevnia vinme adamians miendos da misdami hqondes ‘rwmena’. faqtobrivad, masobrivi sociumebi warmoadgenen qristianuli (evropuli) civilizaciis sistemaSi sxvadasxva sociotipTa Serevis da civiluri matricis aRrevis, dekulturizaciis mizezsa da Sedegs. ‘rwmeniTi’ da ‘kogitaluri’ sociotipis arseboba damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod sxvadasxva epoqebis da sxvadasxva socialuri sistemebisaTvis. maTi gamovlena da arsebobis doneebis dadgena erTi sazogadoebis, an erTi sociotipis sazRvrebSidac SeiZleba. yoveli sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba am arsebobaTa doneebs Soris SesatyvisobiT, da erTi donidan meoreze gadasvlac ki, gulisxmobs ‘fsevdorwmeniTi arsebobidan’ ‘kogitalur arsebobaze’ gadasvlas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas individis Sesaxebac.[2] tipologiuri erTianoba romelime sociotipisa ki miuTiTebs mocemul Sefardebaze rwmenasa da azrovnebas Soris. Tu gavixsenebT kantis cnobil gamoTqmas azrovnebis Semofargvlis Sesaxeb, rwmenisaTvis adgilis dasatoveblad (rac erTgvarad tertulianes kogitalurad gadmoTqmad JRers), naTeli gaxdeba am Sefardebis arsebiTi mniSvneloba arsebobis socialuri tipologiis gansazRvrisaTvis. iq saca rwmena (‘kredo’) Warbobs, gvaqvs arakritikuli, ‘daxuruli’ sociotipis arseboba, xolo iq, saca Warbobs ‘kogito’ (azrovneba) gvaqvs kritikuli, gaxsnili sociotipis arseboba. kritikuloba aq, naTeli unda iyos, kantis meTodiuri TvalszrisiTac ixmareba da Cveulebrivi, ‘gamomCxreki’ azrovnebis TvalsazrisiTac. daxuruli sazogadoebis, an daxuruli arsebobis, gaxsna gulisxmobs ‘rwmeniTi’ tipidan ‘kogitalur’ tipze gadasvlas, anu kritikuli socioteqnikuri aparatis, anu kritikis xelovnebis warmoqmnas, kritikis institutis ‘konstituciur Camoyalibebas’. daxuruli, Tumc aTeisturi, magram ukritiko da erTTavad ‘rwmenaze’ (fsevdorwmenaze) dafuZnebuli sabWoTa sistemis gaxsnisa da, kritikis zvavis qveS ngrevis magaliTi anbanur WeSmaritebad isaxeba. Tanamedrove sociumebSi masebs idioturi ‘aTeisturi rwmena’ axasiaTebT, romelSic RmerTi Secvlilia ideologiiT, an romelime politikuri, an socialuri lideriT, beladiT. stalinis, hitleris, musolinis, maos, pol-potis, sadam-huseinis... an, Tundac, axla aq, saqarTveloSi, nawil mosaxleobaSi gamsaxurdias, nawilSi SevardnaZis da nawilSi kidev saakaSvilis mimarT gamovlenili es idioturi ‘aTeisturi rwmeniTi’ kompleqsi masobrivi sociotipis arsebobis da dekulturizaciis mkveTri magaliTia.[3]



adamians Tu sazogadoebas, romelsac Tavisi Tavis mimarT kritikuli azris mosmena, Sewynareba da masze dafiqreba ar SeuZlia, e.i. ar SeuZlia gaixsnas, civilizebuli ar ewodeba, Tundac rom garegnulad mas hqondes niSanTa materialuri savseboba. sxvaTa Soris, dRevandeli viTareba ‘fsevdorwmeniTi idiotizmis’ maCvenebelia da SeiZleba, martivad, movaTavsoT cnobil da sayovelTaod aRiarebul rusul bipolarizmSi, romelic yvelaze naTlad gamoixata Caadaevis tragikulad antirusul da benkendorfis komikurad rusofilur formulebSi. SeadareT, Tu ar hgavs es prosaakasvilur da antisaakaSvilur lozungebs:



benkendorfi: ‘ruseTis warsuli SesaniSnavia, awmyo _ kidev ukeTesi, xolo rac Seexeba momavals, is yoveliveze maRlaa, risi warmodgenac ki SeuZlia yvelaze Tamam warmosaxvas; ai, erTaderTi wertili, romlidanac unda aRiqmebodes da iwerebodes ruseTis istoria’ (aq mxolod is Sesworebaa Sesatani, rom saakaSvilizmi istorias Tavisi tavidan iwyebs da winares ki mis mosamzadebel epoqad saxavs!)

Caadaevi: ‘ruseTis warsuli carielia, Tanamedroveoba autaneli, xolo momavali misTvis ar aris. ruseTi _ es aris xarvezi cnobierebaSi, xalxebisaTvis micemuli mrisxane gakveTili, Tu sadamde SeuZlia miyvana gaucxoebasa da monobas’.[4] (aqac unda Seswordes im aspeqtiT, rom istoria aq dadebiT konteqstSi moiazreba sabWoTa epoqis, romelSic saakaSvilic aris CarTuli, gamoklebiT)



istoriis garkveul momentSi wermoSobili ganwyoba, daformulebuli an rogorc ‘yvelaze genialurebi varT’ da an _ ‘araferi ara varT’ _ socialuri fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT erTnairad fsiqopaTiuri, nevrasteniuli, magram tipologiurad igiveobrivi, aTeistur-idioturi fsevdorwmeniTi arsebobis ganwyobaa. igi daxurulia, Caketili, ufanjrebo monadaa, nulovani horizontisa da nulovani energiis mqonea. am ganwyobidan araviTari qmediTi mimarTeba ar warmoiqmneba. mis gasaxsnelad aucilebelia gadasvla cnobier arsebobaze, anu kritikuli azrovnebis dawyeba. imave sociofsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT kritikuli azris Zala swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi arsebiT an­tifsiqopaTuria, igi naTeli da, rac mTavaria, gaxsnili horizontis mqone energetikuli velia. kritikuli azri gamacnobierebeli arsebobis individualuri da socialuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis mudmivi TviTganaxlebis wyaro da safuZvelia. istoria adasturebs, rom socialuri ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli pirovnebebi swored isini iyvnen, vinc kritikuli gonebis TvaliT ucqerda sinamdviles. socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, kritikuli azri aris TviTganviTarebis socioteqnikuri instrumenti. iq, sadac es instrumenti ar aris amoqmedebuli, indivi­dualuri da socialuri energiac, Sesabamisad, modunebulia. am modunebis koeficienti an xarisxi aRniSnavs ~rwmeniTi arsebobidan~ ~cnobiereb arsebobaze~ anu ~fatalistur utopiur_totalisturi~ tipidan ~kritikul realisturi konkretuli saqmis~ tipze gadasvlis siZneles. uaxloes magaliTad gamodgeba sabWoTa ukritiko (da ~ukriziso~!) daxuruli sistema, romlis ganviTarebis energia nulovani aRmoCnda. sab­WoTa ~TviTkritika~, romelic faqtobrivad antikritika iyo, antiRirebulebebs aRirebulebda da ~Sav naxvrets~ qmnida ara marto, da ara imdenad, socialur_ekonomikur sistemaSi, ramdenadac adamianis kulturul da mentalur qsovilSi. antiRirebulebaTa am ukrutuko sistemaSi dRevandelobas araviTari Rirebuleba aRar hqonda. yovelive mimarTuli iyo momavlisaken da am utopiur antirealobaSi fuZndeboda samaradisod kounisturi partiis mier marTuli ~ukriziso~ sistema. istoria, amgvarad, mTavrdeboda sadRac momavalSi (xan aTwlediT gansazRvrulSi, xan ganusazRvrelSi) da amaSi eWvis Setana, an mmarTvel mesaWeTa saqmianobisadmi urwmunoba _ sastikad isjeboda.

uRirebulebo dRevandelobaSi daWerili uRirsebo adamianis cnobiereba da saTuTi kulturuli garsi ver SemZlea usasrulod gauZlos ~fantomur RirebulebaTa~ Semotevas da dRevandelobis ugulvebelyofas. dRevandelobas Tu Rirebuleba ara aqvs da misi fasi ganisazRvreba mxolod fatalisturi ~momavali bednierebiT~, maSin sxeuls, romelic mxolod dRevandelobis moTxovnilebiT arsebobs, sruli ~Tavisufleba~ eZleva. uRirebulebo yofierebaSi erTaderT Rirebulebad swored sxeulis anu xorcis materialuri moTxovnileba cxaddeba. arseboba, ganZarcvuli kul-turis RirebulebiTi ganzomilebidan da daWerili fsevdoRirebulebiT badeSi, erTganzomilebiani xdeba, wertilovani. ~Sinagani adamiani~, _ is, romelzedac pavle mociquli ambobs: ~vinaidan Sinagani adamianis mixedviT mesiamovneba RmerTis sjuli. magram Cems asoebSi me vxedav sxva kanons, romelic winaaRmdegobas uwevs Cemi gonebis kanons da mxdis Cems asoebSi myofi codvis kanonis tyved.~(romaelTa mimarT 22_23) _, sulieri, anu kulturuli arseba adamianisa, kvdeba; da mefdeba is, rasac ~xorcis sxeuli~ anu ~codvis sxeuli~, uzneobis sxeuli ewodeba. da am codvis sxeulis gabatoneba bunebrivad iwvevs im sinamdvilis gabatonebas, romelSic posttota­litaruli qveynebia dRes CaZiruli, romelsac zeviT ~wertilovani yofiereba~ an ~Savi naxvreti~ vuwode. aqamde saTuTad da udidesi Zalisxmevis Sedegad Semonaxuli qarTuli kulturuli sxeuli ~Sinagani adamianisa~, RirebulebaTa skala am Sinagani adamianisa, amobrunda da an sruliad moispo. Zneli ar aris am procesisaTvis Tvalis midevneba, radgan qarTuli kulturis RirebulebiTi skala dadgenilia da kriteriumTa sistema am procesis Sesafaseblad xelTa gvaqvs.[5]

fatalisturi ~rwmeniTi arsebobis~ ganwyobis velSi daWerili cnobiereba Tvlis, rom mas upirobod ekuTvnis raRac: vTqvaT, damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba. sakmarisia vinmem, vTqvaT, partiis liderma, erovnuli moZraobis meTaurebma, prezidentma an saxelmwifos meTaurma, moindomos an Tqvas es, rom sasurveli kuTvniloba ganxorcieldes. amitomac aRara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Tu ras akeTeb, ras la­parakob, rogor iqcevi: ~mosaxdeni moxdeba~! da ~perestroikis~ talRaze azviadebuli nebadarTuli da marTuli SovinizmiT mTeli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi imdeni lanZRes ~qarizmatulma~ ~organulma qarTvelebma~ rusebi da ruseTi, dasavleTi da dasavlelebi, amerika da amerikelebi, afxazebi, osebi, ~Sinauri ucxoelebi~ da a. S., xolo amis sapirispirod iseTi zeRirebuleba mianiWes yovelive ~qarTuls~, rom sabolood mxolod isRa SeiZleboda momxdariyo, rac moxda: saqarTvelo xelidan gamogvecala da axla ~uruseTod arseboba saqarTvelos ar SeuZlia~! _ es ~didi politikuri gonierebis~ nayofi iyo. udaod! Caadaevsac da ilia WavWavaZesac guls SeuRonebda amgvari sityvieri Savi veli (xolo radgan sityvas yofierebasTan pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs, anu igi TviTvea yofiereba _ yofierebisac), romelSic saqarTvelo CaiZira ukanasknel ~SvidwledSi~. benkendorfi, SesaZloa, imasve moimoqmedebda, rac moimoqmedes dRevandelma rusma politikosebma _ saqarTvelos ise mouqcevda saqmes, rom ara Tu qvas_qvaze ar dautovebda, aramed muxldaCoqils aRaRadinebda Semikedle da gadamarCineo. aRaravis gaaxsenda arc trockis mier naTqvami: ~Cven wavalT saqarTvelodan, magram kars ise gamovixuravT, qvas qvaze ar davtovebTo!~ araferia amaSi gasakviri. albaT Caadaevic imasve izamda (aki ar Seatoka rusma sabWoTa inteligenciam guli Tavisi megobari qarTvelebisaTvis, da xma ar amoiRo). da TviT qarTvelebic, albaT, imasve movimoqmedebdiT, vinmes rom igive gaekeTebia CvenTvis. da aki... radgan, romelime eris amgvari ganukiTxavi lanZRva, gind iyos is saxelmwifo aTasgzis dampyrobeli da amombugavi ~mlanZRavi~ erisa, _ uSedegod ver Caivlis. miTumeTes, rom, Tu ki raime SeiZleba iyos antiqarTuli, qarTuli kulturisa da bunebisac sawinaaRmdego, es aris ~mtris totaluri siZulvili~ an ~sakuTaris gausaZlisi aRzeveba da qeba~. arcerT gamovlinebaSi qarTuli kulturisa, romelic qarTveli ~Sinagani adamianis~ gamoxatulebaa, arsad, ar­cerT periodSi, ara gvaqvs saxeze es siZulvili da es aRzeveba_gazviadeba. sakmarisia ~qarTlis cxovrebas~ gadavxedoT, an Teimuraz pirvelis ~sparsuli enis sitkboman mandoma musikobani~ gavixsenoT, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT rusTvelze, Tu guramiSvilze... da dasafiqrebeli swored isaa, Tu ram ganapiroba amgvari ~bunebis cvla~ da qarTuli bunebis (kulturis) sawinaaRmdego, metic, misi momakvdinebeli totaluri siZulvilis gamefeba qarTul uaxles ~erovnul moZraobaSi~ da mis SemogarenSi. urTierTsiZulvilze ufro, es sxvis mimarT gamovlenili siZulvilia SemaSfoTebeli da damafiqrebeli.

am ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris araerTganzomilebiani da araerTmniSvnelovani urTierToba da kavSiria damyarebuli. erTi aspeqti am urTierTobisa da kavSirisa aris politikur_ ekonomikuri. swored am urTierTobis politkuri aspeqtis kritika warmoebda yovelTvis qarTul publicistikaSi da is calkeuli ganvrcoba am politikuri kritikisa, gnebavT ~politikuri si­Zulvilisa~, ruseTisa da rusebis rogorc eris mimarT, niSani iyo avtorTa politikuri ukulturobisa da umwifobisa, da ara maTi nacionalistobisa Tu patriotobisa. qarTuli Rirseuli da keTilSobili sazogadoeba yovelTvis ebrZoda amgvar gamovlinebas. jer kidev zurab avaliSvili werda Tavisi wignis ~saqarTvelos mierTeba ruseTTan~ SesavalSive:

~Ne posledovatel]nyq usiliq russkoj diplomatii, a nastojhivoe iskanie russkogo poddanstva so storony gruzinskix carej povleklo za soboj prisoedinenie Gruzii.

Opravdatelьnye motivy (pol]za, vygoda, etc.) byli podobrany liw] v samyj poslednij mig. Slovom, ideq prisoedineniq prinadle#it Gruzii, ee carqm, no kak ona budet prisoedinena, na *to dala otvet Rossiq...

Vpolne ponqtnyq i zakonnyq #elaniq Gruzii priwlos] prosto naprosto ustranit], potomu hto ispolnenie ix ne vqzalos] ni s xa­rakterom russkoj gosudarstvennosti, ni s osu
SeiZleba ar daeTanxmo zurab avaliSvilis debulebebs da saerTo analizsac, (da Tavis droze, am wigns metad uaryofiTi Sefaseba gamouwvevia kidec), magram is, rom ruseTs Tavisi politika hqonda da am politikis logikiT misi moqmedeba kargad gaTvlili da gamarTlebuli iyo, da rom saqarTvelos interesebi ruseTs sruliad ar aRelvebda, aramed Tavisi aRmosavluri politikuri kursis ganxorcielebisaken iswrafoda da amdenad saqarTvelo_kavkasiis mierTeba misTvis aucilebeli iyo (xolo qarTvelTa Sinagani viTareba da miswrafeba ki araCveulebrivad umartivebda da uiolebda amas!) _ aSkaraa. Cven viciT, Tu ramdenad da rogor eria ruseTis xeli saqarT­velo_sparseTisa da saqarTvelo_TurqeTis saqmeTa awewvaSi swored maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos samxreTel ~nacnob da Cveul~ politikur mterTan urTierTobis axali epoqa iwyeboda.[6] bolosdabolos politikas erTaderTi kriteriumi aqvs Sesafaseblad: warmateba, anu ra mizani iqna dasmuli, ra xarji gaRebuli da ramdenad miRweuli. am TvalsazrisiT Sefasebuli saqarTvelos politikuri istoria albaT sruliad sxva saxes miiRebs da TviT saqarTvelos politikuri saxec sxvagvari gamoCndeba. Cven, qarTvelebi, darwmunebulebi varT, rom ruseTis politi­kuri (da kulturuli) saxe saruliad da savsebiT garkveuli gvaqvs, Tundac am oraswliani gamocdilebiT, da ruseTis mTeli istoriiT damtkicebuli,[7] magram garkveuli gvaqvs Tu ara saqarTvelos politikuri saxe, saqarTvelos politikuri orientirebi da miswrafebani, saqarTvelos politikuri strategia da taqtika? an saerTod, vinme dafiqrebula amaze da an warmoudgenia msgavsi ram? an ~politikosebs~ (saqarTveloSi 160 politikuri partia Seiqmna da arcerTis ~programaSi~ msgavsi ram ar Semxvedria!), an ~ideologebs~ (am 160 politikur partias xom Tavisi ideologebi hyvanan!), an demokratiulad arCeul saxelmwifos meTaurs, (arcerT momentSi ar gamovlenila mis sityvebsa Tu saqmeSi dRemde, da Tu TviT igi ~praqtikosia, ~socioteqnikosi~ an ~politikuri teqnologi~ mas unda hyavdes Tavisi ~konceftualistic~ romelic amomrCevlebs daanaxvebs gzas, romelzedac dgas saxelmwifos meTauri pirovneba an partia, romelic ~erTi kacis partia~ gaxda TavisTavad.[8])?...

dRemde saqarTvelos istoria(sruliad araferi uaryofiTi ar minda vTqva qarTvel istorikosTa Tavdadebul Zalisxmevaze Cveni isto­riis faqtologiuri mxaris kvleva_ZiebaSi) konceftualurad ~Cveni gulis mosafxanad~ iwereboda, raRac gamudmebuli ~infantiluri mzrunvelobiT~, ramac sabolood politikuri uvicoba ki ar dagvamrTa, aramed ~politikur axvirakebad~[9] gvaqcia, da ase axvirakulad ~vawvebiT~ politikas. es faqti dadasturebulia mTeli meoce saukunis istoriiT da, gansakuTrebiT, am ukanaskneli ~xuTwlediT~ (1988_1993). ra gvindoda an ra SegveZlo migveRo da ra miviReT? Tu moxda kritikuli gaanalizeba imisi, Tu ra dagvemarTa? an saerTod, iqneb arc araferi gvindoda da arc araferi SegveZlo? _ anu gvindoda da SegveZlo mxolod yovelive imis dangreva, rac sabWoTa wyobam ~mogvitana~ 70 wlis manZilze, totalurad, yvelafris? davangrieT! ruseTis gamo da ruseTis xelSewyobiT! axla?

_ ~uruseTod cxovreba ar SegviZlia!~



grigol orbelians erTi SesaniSnavi saubari hqonda general afxazTan 1831 wlis 3 agvistos. ai es saubaric, Tundac imis saCveneblad, rom TavisTavad es sakiTxi ~ar axalia, Zvelia~, da rom saqarTvelos dRevandeli viTareba TiTqmis zedmiwevniT imeorebs ~rusuli eris~ dasawyiss. magram dRevandelobisagan gansxvavebiT ~sxva jiSis~ adamianebs edgaT da awuxebdaT igi. wuxilica da gansjac sxvagvari hqondaT... (Cems Tavs nebas mivcem gamovyo sadReiso azrebi):



~3_sa agvistos. _ movida Renerali kniazi ivan nikolaiCi afxazovi, daniSnuli Rraf paskeviCTan armiaSi pirispir polSelTa. friad gviama urTierTisa xilva. Semdgomad sxvadasxTa ubnobaTa polSis brZolisaTvis, viwyeT saqarTveloze. _ ax! viTar Zlierad da marTliad aRswera awindeli mdgomareoba saqarTveloisa, romelica uyvars, viTarca WeSmaritsa Zesa mamulisasa. viTar mwuxarebiTa ubnobda qarTvelebze, romelTaca aRxoces Tavis Soris keTilSobiluri siamaye da siyvaruli mamulisadmi da arian monebasa queSe, damdablebulni suliTa.



ubnoba Cveni



kniaz: RmerTo, nu miiyvan rusTa esreTsa ganwirulebasa Sina, romel iZulebul iyvnen datevebad saqarTveloisa, romelica myisve Seiqmnebis msxverplad uwesobisa, Sinaganisa ganxeTqilebisa da zeda dasmisa dauZinebelTa mterTagan.

me: saqarTvelo, Semdgomad ruseTagan datevebisa, vgoneb iyos esreT Zlier, romel SeiZlos dacva mterTagan samzRvrisa Tvisisa. ocdaaTs weliwads saqarTvelos Tu ar momatebia xalxi, vgoneb arca dahklebodes.

kniaz: ara ZaluZs: amisTvis, romel politikebri mdgomareoba mesamzRvreTa saxelmwifoTa aziasa Sina friad Seicvala. vis uxilavs yizilbaSisa da osmalos esreTi gawyobili jari egreTi Tofxana. saqarTvelo iqnebis ra datevebul rusTagan, viTar winaaRudgebis maT. erekle iyo Wkviani da mxne mefe: xedviden mas mxneobis magaliTad Tavadni da aznaurni, romelTaca uyvardaT mamuli, sarwmunoeba, mefe da ibrZodnen viTarca lomni, _ maSin, odesca yizilbaSTa, bunebiTad mxdalTa, ara hqondaT arca wesi jarSi da arca mxneoba spasalarTa; maSin, vambob, qarTvelTa SeeZloT brZola pirispir maTTa. xolo aw gamoicvala dro da Seicvalnen iginica, gaawyes maT reRuli (regularuli jari_j.k.) da Cven veRar ZalgviZs, rom gawyobils jars vebrZoloT isev im RonisZiebiT, viTarca ibrZodnen mefeebis drosa. reRulsa unda vebrZoloT reRuliTve. nu ggonia, rom Cvenis glexebis Tofi iyos saxmar omSi, romelsaca samjer ver esrvis saaTSi, maSin odesca minutSi unda oTxjer mainc esrolos. erTis sityviT, saqarTvelo ureRuloT verca erTsa Tvesa gauZlebs mterTa. _ da, garda amissa ocdaaTman weliwadman friad Sehscvala eri. arRa mdgomareobs Cven Soris igi mxneobis suli, romliTaca iqnebodnen uwin.

me: regulis gawyoba advilad moxerxdeba saqarTveloSi; amitom rom, iqnebian ra TviT damcvelni Tvisisa sazRvrisani, TvaliT dainaxaven reRulis sargeblobasa; TviT mefe ereklemac icoda umjobesoba reRulisa da gaaCina morigis jari, da maSin arca erTi tyve ar dakargula. _ amas advilad moaxdenen maSin igini vinca darCebian eris mmarTvelad, da vaJkacobaSi qarTvelni naqebni arian da uyvarsT mamulica; ese damtkicdebis miT, rome saqarTvelo, esreTi mciredi samefo, ver daicavda verca samzRvarsa Tvissa da enasa da verca sarwmunoebasa, Tu ar gansxvavebuliTa vaJkacobiTa da siyvaruliTa mefeTa da maulisadmi. _ istoria warmogvidgens mravaljer saqarTvelos gaoxrebuls da kvalad aRdginebuls ararisagan. esreTTa sakvirvelebaTa awarmovebs mxolod mxneoba da siyvaruli mamulisa da sarwmunoebisadmi. _ garda amissa, aw TviT yizilbaSi da osmaloca xedven SecdomilebaTa TvisTa, romel saqarTvelom, maTgan Seiwroebulman, daumezobla esden saSineli maTTvis mezobeli ruseTi da arRa moindomeben, romel saqarTvelom kvlavca mosTxovos mfarveloba romelsame Zliersa saxelmwofosa evropasa Sina. yizilbaSni hswyevden aRa_mahmad xans tfilisis waxdenisaTvis, raica iyo mizezad rusebis gadmosvlisa.

kniaz: marTal ars, rome qarTvelni arian mxneni; garna reRulis gawyoba agre advili nu ggonia, amitom, rom reRulis dawyobis dros, jer ars pirvelad Sevidnen samsaxurSi saldaTad, samagaliTod sxvaTaTvis, pirvelni Tavadni da aznaurni, romelTaca aqvsT pativi da xma memamuleTa Soris TvisTa; jer_ars maTda, raTa Sehswiron msxverplad simdidre da TviT sicocxleca, visac viTar ZaluZs, sazogadoobis bednierebisaTvis, da ara mixedos sakuTarsa Tvissa sargeblobasa; amiT oden Caiyreba mtkiced safuZveli reRulisa. aba, Cemo grigol! damisa-xele gina erTi kaci, romelmanca dasdvas nawili simdidrisa Tvisisa sazogadoobisa sargeblobisaTvis. esreTi msxverpli ars saTnoeba, romelsaca hgrZnobs mxolod gonebiTa da guliTa ganaTlebuli kaci, umecari da umswavleli vera mihxvdebis ama amaRlebulsa grZnobasa, romelsaca awarmoebs mxolod siyvaruli mamulisadmi. Tqven, axalgazrdano! Tqven unda ecadneT yovlis RonisZiebiT mamulisaTvis. pirvel unda iswavloT, goneba ganinaTloT, da maSin dainaxavT da gamarTavT naklulovanebaTa. da ama mizeziT vambob, romel RmerTma nu inebos saqarTvelos dateveba rusTagan as wlamdis; maSin aRara meSinis, amisTvis, romel saqarTvelos eyoleba mas drosa mravalni mswavlulni kacni, sazogadooba Seicvleba, igrZnobs yovelsa saWiroebasa, da yoveli keTili, axali sasargeblo dawyobileba advilad aRsruldebis; axla vin ikisrebs da an vin gaugonebs. _ awindeli Cveni sazogadooba ars mkvdar mamulisaTvis. hscxovroben usagnod, deexetebian ugzod, viTarca bnelsa Ramesa Sina: yoveli fiqrobs sakuTarisa Tvisisa sargeblisaTvis, romlisa misaRebelad ara mixedven arca sircxvilsa da arca upatiursa gzasa, romelsa zeda vlenan. angaareba ars maTTvis Tayvansacemi kerpi, romliTaca gvekargeba patiosneba; garna nu ggonia, romel ese iyos bunebiTi Tviseba qarTvelTa; ara ese ars mxolod nayofi ocdaaTis wlis morCilebisa.

me: ama erisa sulisa damdablebasa advilad aRxocen igini, vinca iqmnebian, Semdgomad rusTagan datevebisa, eris mmarTvelni, ukeTu iqmnebian gonebian da Sorsmxedvel. Zala iqmnebis maT xelSi, aRaSeneben da gaawyoben saswavlebelTa; sxvaTa saxelmwifoTagan mouwodeben mswavlulTa kacTa da xelosanTa, romelnica iqmnebian pirvelni mTesvelni swavlaTa da xelosnobaTa saqarTvelosa Sina, da Semdgomad raodenTame welTa nayofi ueWvelad aRmocendebis, miT ufro umetes, romel qarTvelTa aqvsT bunebiTi goneba.

kniaz: ege yoveli SesaZlo ars, garna jarisa da saswavlebelTa SenaxvisaTvis saWiro aris xazina; saqarTvelo ars Raribi samefo, da sxva romeli saxelmwifo gvendoba Cven valad. _ garda amissa, saqarTvelo ars daglejil nawil_nawilad. aleqsandre mefis Semdeg, romelmanca ganusjelad ganhyo saqarTvelo, _ qarTli, kaxeTi, imereTi, saaTabago, guria (abxazeTi_gadaxazulia, _j.k.) _ mis dros aqamomde iyvnen urTierTis mterni da sisxli inTxeoda mouwyvetel. aw Zlivs SeerTdnen da amieriTgan unda SeerTxorcdnen da Seadginon erTi mTeli: weboTi mikruli ar dasgebis did xans, Tu mze ar SeaerTebs da ar SeaduRebs mas. Cveni mze ars dro; droman unda gangvanaTlos, gvaswaos urTierTTa da mamulisa Seyvareba da SegvaerTos erTiTa guliTa, erTiTa fiqriTa yovelni nawilni Zvelisa saqarTveloisani; maSin iqmnebis, Tumca ara friad Zlier, viTarca sxvani saxelmwifoni, _ garna SemZlebel dacvad Tvisisa samzRvrisa. gareSemozRudul ars ra saqarTvelo mterTagan, jer_ars, raTa yoveli qarTveli aRinTos mamulis siyvaruliTa da TviToeulman aRirCios gza leonidisa.

RmerTi ars mowamed, romel mTlad qarTvelT ar uyvarsT egodenad mamuli Tvisi, raodenac me martos, ase rom, Tu sikvdiliTa CemiTa Seicvlebodes saqarTvelos mdgomareoba esreT keTilad, viTarca msurs me, wamsve amas sixaruliTa gadavvardebodi fanjridam sasikvdilod. _ kvalad vambob, romel drom, drom unda aRadginos saqarTvelo.~[10]

drom unda aRadginos saqarTvelo!

dros unda aRedgina saqarTvelo!

aseTi iyo ilia WavWavaZis, vaJa_fSavelas, samocianelebis, qarTveli ~nacionalistebis~ da, erTob, qarTveli socialuri da inteleq­tualuri sazogadoebis elitis azri. magram dro TavisTavadi mkurnali ar aris. rodesac droze vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT im dros, romelic swored samizne ~xarjs~ warmoadgens, anu im Zalisxmevas, romelic ganuwyvetels xdis drois dinebas, aerTian_amTlianebs yoveli adamianis pirovnul Zalisxmevas mimarTuls saerTo miznisaken, romelic qmnis im vels, romelSidac warmoiSoba sazogadoebrivi energia, rogorc erovnuli energiis forma. davukvirdeT gamoTqmebs, romliTac esoden mdidaria Cveni ena: ~drois xarjva~, ~dros gayvana~, ~uqmi dro~ da a. S. Cven rom Cvensave enasTan (anu kulturasTan) saubari SegvZleboda, adreve gavigebdiT, rom ~dros uqmad vxarjavT~ _ miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrs vmoZraobT: socialisturad..., sakolmeurneod..., proletarulad..., staxanovurad..., komunisturad..., erovnulad! _ yovelTvis imis sawinaaRmdegod, rasac moiTxovda Cvengan mizani, Tu, cxadia, igi arsebobda CvenSi. radgan, yovelive es _ saqme ar aris! saqme, romelic erTaderTia kriteriumi imisa, Tu vis uqmad uxarjavs dro da vis ara; ra dro daxarjula umiznod da ra ara; vis hqonia mizani qveynis rgebisa _ da vis ara; anu vin qceula am aRmdgeneli drois nawilad da vin _ ara!... swored amas gulisxmobdnen Cveni dafiqrebuli winaprebi, rodesac aformulebdnen ~drom unda aRadginoso saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi~. ilia WavWavaZe TiTqmis sityvasityviT imeorebs general afxazis sityvebs:

~ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT? tye_mindori, mTa_bari, miwa_wyali, hava_haeri imisTana gvaqvs, rom ra ginda sulo da gulo, ar moixveWo, ar iSovo, ar gamoiyeno. aq, Citis rZes rom ityvian, isic iSoveba, oRond xeli gasZar, gaisarje, imxneve, mucelsa da gulTa_Tqmas batonad nu gaixdi. icode, dRes mZleTa mZlea garja, Sroma da naSromis gafrTxileba, Senaxva, patronoba, gamozogva saWiroebisamebr da ara gaumaZRar survilisamebr. varT ki aseTni?... ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?...

wavida is dro: daClungda xmali, gauqmda vaJkacoba. exla xmali Taroze unda SevdvaT, aRarafris maqnisia; exla an adli unda gveWiros xelSi, an guTani, an Carxi qarxanisa, an marTulebi manqanisa. exla vaJkacoba omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom ofli hRvaros. kidev vityviT, qveyana axla imisia, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi garjisa, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms, vinc izogavs naRvaws. dRes mZleTa_mZlea marto is, vinc mcvelia da bejiTi suliTa da xorciTa, codniTa da marjveniTa. gvWirs_ki dRes romelime es droTa Sesaferi sikeTe?... ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?

...xmliT moseulma vera dagvaklo_ra, _ SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT moseuli_ki Tan gagvitans, fex_qveSidam miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagviwyvets, saxsenebeli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba, da Cvens mSveniers qveyanas, rogorc upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian. Sromasa da garjas, codnasa da xerxs veravin_Ra gauZlebs, Tu Sroma da garja, codna da xerxi win ar mivagebeT, win ar davaxvedreT, win ar davuyeneT. varT ki yovelive amisaTvis mzad? an gvetyoba raSime, rom yovelive es viciT da vemzadebiT?... ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?

exlac omia, xolo sisxlis Rvrisa_ki ara, oflis Rvrisa, omi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari. am omma arc buki icis, arc naRara. ubuk_naRarod sTesavs, ubuk_naRarod mkis. kokisebur, Sxapuna niaRvars_ki ara hgavs, rom mTa da bari Tan caiRos, moarRvios, moRaros da mogragnos, ~mdumare wvimisaebr nayofis gamomcemelia~. arc rbeva icis, arc Zarcva. es mis bunebaSi ara sweria, Tu TviTon adamianma gesli ulmobelis sixarbisa Sig ar CaawveTa, buneba ar mouwamla, ar mouSxama. es omi Sromisaa, da viTarca Sroma _ patiosania, namusiania, da iseTive Tavmosawonebeli, Tav_gamosaCeni, rogorc uwin Tofisa da xmlis omi iyo...

ar viciT _ rani vyofilvarT, ar vxedavT _ rani varT, ver gamogvisaxia _ rani viqnebiT! yurebSi bamba gvaqvs daculi da Tvalebze xeli agvifarebia. arc arafers vxedavT, arc araferi gvesmis. uzarmazari Txrilia Cven, qarTvelebis, win da ainunSiac ar mogvdis. am Txrilis piras vdgevarT da sakmaoa xeli gvkran _ da Sig gadaviCexebiT dedabudianad... vdgevarT da uRonoda vbzuiT ~me var da Cemi nabadio~ da am bzuilidam ara gamodis_ra....~[11]

iqneb Tavmobezrebulma adamianma, romelic zeviTaRniSnul bipolarul fsiqopaTiur ganwyobiT badeSi gaxlarTula, kidec Tqvas: raRa dros grigol orbeliani, generali afxazi, an ilia WavWavaZe ariso... albaT marTali iqneboda es adamianic, Cven rom imave adgilas, imave ufskrulis pirad ar migveyvana Cveni Tavi (Tqma ar unda, ruseTis xelSewyobiT! magram Cvenive TviTmoqmedebiT!), romlis winaSedac iliam dainaxa saqarTvelo 1897 wels. ase rom, es yovelive Cveni warsuli ki ar gamodis, aramed Cveni samomavlo sinamdvile ganWvretili Cveni winaprebis mier. drom, romelzedac isini saubrobdnen, ar aRgvadgina Cven, radgan igi CvenTvis ar mdinarebda, radgan igi CveniT ar iqmneboda. ori saukune Cven wertilovan droSi vicxovreT da im mciredTa Zalisxmeva, romelnic cdilobdnen rogorme gaexsnaT da aemoqmedebinad es wertilovani dro, SeeqmnaT erovnuli energiis veli _ CainTqa am wertilovan ~Sav naxvretSi~. da saqarTvelom Tavisive xeliT ukve mesamed gamoiWra yeli ruseTis winaSe.

~uruseTod cxovreba ar SegviZlia~...



axla es fataluri ~rwmeniTi arsebobis~ veli sxva formaSi iWers cnobierebas: ~ara varT Rirsi Tavisuflebisa~, ~rani vyofilvarT qarTvelebi?~ da gauTaveblad miwydoma TviTgazviadebis Sovinisturi vakuumidan: ~qarTvelebi msofliosaTvis civilizaciis universaluri kanonebis mimcemni, ugenialesi...~ da a. S.; TviTdakninebisa da TviTgvemis ~Savi naxvretisaken~: ~es ra vyofilvarT, ra barbarosebi, arafris Rirsi, saSineleba...~ da a. S. esaa axvroba _ SesaniSnavi Tbilisuri gamoTqmiT, _ es nevrasteniuli azviadeba_Caukuniseba... esaa wertilovani yofa, ufskruli, romlis iqiT aRaraferi ar aris: wertilSi xom azri ar aris. wertils SeuZlia azri daasrulos, SeaCeros mdinareba, ~gawyvitos sinusoida~, magram TviT wertilSi sinusoida ar aris, azri ar miedineba, kavSirebi ar ikvanZeba. amgvar wertilovan viTarebaSi moviyvaneT Cven Cveni Tavi am miwydomebiT, da, Tu axla, saswrafod, ar CavrTeT dro, is dro, romelzedac Cveni ~STamomaval_winaprebi~ migviTiTebdnen, Cven movspobT maTTvis, Cveni STamomavlobisaTvis gankuTvnil dros da e. i. movspobT qarTvelobasa da saqarTvelos. Semdeg visac ramdeni surs imdeni imoZraos, imdeni usworos angariSebi urTierTs da imdeni iSviros xeli damnaSavis mimarTulebiT (igi xom yovelTvis ~sxva~ iqneba mainc!).

kiTxva: ~SegviZlia Tu ar SegviZlia uruseTod?~ _ es meoradi kiTxvaa da moCvenebiTi Rirebulebis. me kiTxvas ase davsvamdi: SegviZlia Tu ar SegviZlia qarTvelebs da saqarTvelos mkvidrT _ moqalaqeebs _ cxovreba uerTmaneTod? da pasuxic Sesatyvisad garkveuli iqneba: Tu SegviZlia uerTmaneTod, maSin ar SegviZlia uruseTod! xolo Tu ar SegviZlia uerTmaneTod _ maSin SegviZlia uruseTodac da SegviZlia ruseTTanac! _ es kiTxva meoradi, politikurad teqnikuri mniSvnelobisa xdeba.

~uerTmaneTod yofnis SeZleba~ niSnavs imas, rom SegviZlia viyoT wertilebi, SegviZlia davwyvitoT da davTxaroT is istoriuli fesvebi, romlebic qarTvel ers rogorc kulturul erTobas amTlianebs drois (TaobaTa) ZalisxmevebSi; SegviZlia uari vTqvaT im Rirebulebebze, romlebic asuldgmulebdnen Cvens aobasa da raobas, saxes sZendnen, formas aZlevdnen, riTac qarTveli _ qarTvelobda da saqarTvelo _ saqarTveloobda. Tu romelime Cvengans, yovels, da Cven erTad, uerTmaneTod yofna SegviZlia, maSin ra mniSvneloba aqvs ~Sav wertilad~ sad dagsvamen? an romel melanSi iqnebi amovlebuli: rusulSi, TurqulSi, sparsulSi Tu... nebismier sxvaSi. ~uerTmaneTod yofna~ niSnavs imas, rom Cven ~eri~ ar vyofilvarT da rac ~gvimoZravia~, is sul drois mokvla yofila!..

~istoriis~ paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ~istoriam~ Secdomebi ar icis! radgan istoria adamianTa erToblivi Zalisxmevis Sedegia da ara bunebrivi procesi, romelic SeiZleba mTlianad gameorebul iqnas igiveobrivad (Tundac dasaSvebi miaxlovebiT). istoriaSi is xdeba, rac xdeba adamianuri ZalisxmeviT _ erTjeradad, da Tu me TavSive vTqvi, rom 211 wlis winandel wertils davubrundiT_Tqo, es gameorebas ki ar niSnavs mTeli procesisas, aramed Cvens winSe wamoWrili kiTxvebisa da problemebis igiveobas. viTareba, romelSic axla varT sruliad sxvaa, xolo kiTxvebisa da problemebis igiveoba ki miuTiTebs, rom aucilebelia, sasicocxlod aucilebelic, pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvebs da gadaWril iqnas es problemebi mTeli im gzis gaTvaliswinebiT da kritikulad gaanalizebiT, romelic saqarvelom, qarTvelma erma da yovelma Cvenganma, rogorc individma gaiara am orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi.[12]

iseve, rogorc araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, macxovari am oci saukunis win iSva Tu ara, nazareTSi, beTleemSi iSva igi, Tu sxvagan, vTqvaT, saqarTveloSi, an ruseTSi, bagebSi, Tu mefis sarecelze, igi Tu dRes, axla da aq, yovel CvenganSi ar ibadeba, anu, Tu ar Tanxvdeba urTierTs wami macxovaris Cems gareT arsebul sivrcesa da droSi da CemSi arsebul sulier drosa da sivrceSi (metafizikur ~Sinagan adamianSi~) dabadebisa,[13] aseve, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs Cvens oraswlovan, an ocdasamsaukunovan, istorias (da, saerTod, istorias), Tu igi axla da aq, Cems arsebobaSi ar iqna gancdili, kritikulad gaazrebuli da gagebuli. istoriis Rirebuleba swored amgvari kvlav gancda_gaazrebiT gagebis SesaZleblobaSia. Cemamde arsebul drosa da sivrceSi momxdaris (am xdomilebaSi azris xdomilebac aris CarTuli, yvela sityva, urTierToba, damokidebuleba, saqme da moqmedeba da a. S.) xelmeored ukve CemSi, Cems sulier drosa da sivrceSi, Cems arsebobaSi gacocxlebaSi, anu TanacxovrebaSi, TanaxedvaSi, TanagancdaSi, TanacnobaSi, _ xelmeore xdomilebaSi; da pasuxic dasmul kiTxvebsa, Tu wamoWril problemebze, Tanacxovrebis am ZalisxmeviT gaicema. amas gulisxmobs kiTxva: SegviZlia Tu ara uerTmaneTod cxovreba? uerTmaneTod ara mxolod erTmaneTis gverdiT moarsebe fizikur adamianebs gulisxmobs, aramed im Sinagan adamianTa arsebobasac moicavs, romelTa Soris metafizikuri RirebulebiTi kavSiri dgindeba, anu mTel kulturul samezoblo_saaxloblos, visi ZalisxmeviTac Seiqmna qar­Tuli saxli da daesaxla qarTuli kultura. namdvili kiTxva ase unda daisvas: vis gareSe ar SegiZlia cxovreba? da ara is, Tu visTan ginda, da an SegiZlia, cxovreba! da Tu Cven radikalurad ar SegviZlia uruseTod cxovreba, maSin naTelia, rom Cven sruliad Tavisuflad SegvZlebia cxovreba uerTmaneTodac, Tugind rom inerciiT erTmaneTTan cxovreba gverCivnos an gvindodes.

da Tu es asea, maSin... ~ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?~!

SesaZloa didad gasakviri arc is iyos, rom Cven aqamde kritikuli istoria ara gvaqvs da jer kidev vnebivrobT istoriiT, rogorc bavSvi Tavisi tkbili sawuwni ~yiyliyoTi~. amgvari ram arc uCveuloa civilizebul erTa istoriaSi. bevri magaliTi arsebobs imisa, Tu raoden mizanmimarTuli da ideologizirebuli istoriebi iwereboda evropaSi, amerikaSi, sxvadasxva erebSi, im periodebSi, rodesac saWiro iyo SenarCuneba sakuTari arsebisa da meobisa, TviTobisa. bolosdabolos istoria da, miTumetes, kritikuli, sruliad axali movlenaa TavisTavad. ilia WavWavaZisa da mis TanamdgomelTa Rvawli saqarTveloSi kritikuli azris dafuZnebaSi marTlac didi iyo, magram am Zalisxmevam ver, Tu ar, hpova gagrZeleba, erTis mxriv, im epoqis dadgomisa gamo, romelic masobriv ~axvrul~ antirealobas da mis Sesatyviss antiazrovnebas afuZnebda cecxliTa da maxviliT, isakuTrebda ara Tu azrs, aramed azrovnebis SesaZleblobasac, da meores mxriv ki, da es aris gansakuTrebiT saintereso da gasaanalizebeli, im Sinagan_qarTuli Tvisebebisa gamo, romelic qarTvel adamians kritikisaTvis ~Seuvals~ xdida. am fsiqologiuri Seuvalobis magaliTad gavixseneb erT faqts: 1982 wels qarTvel emigrantebSi gamovTqvi azri, rom saqarTvelos istoria Tavidan unda daiweros da unda gadafasdes yovelive_Tqo, gansakuTrebiT 1918_21 da misi momdevno periodisa dRevandlamde. qarTvel social_demokratTagan (~menSevikebidan~) iseTi xmauriani winaaRmdegoba Semxvda, vifiqre namdvilad raRacas malaven da eSiniaT ar gamJRavndes_meTqi. gansakuTrebul winaaRmdegobas awydeboda da miuRebeli aRmoCnda Cemi azri, rom ~qarTvelebs araferi gasaWiri ar adgiaT, garda zneobrivi dacemisa~. SemdegSi, am fsiqologiuri kompleqsis (romelsac ~axvruli Seuvaloba~ SeiZleba vuwodoT) analiziT mivedi daskvnamde, rom es aris dRevandelobis SiSis kompleqsi. Cven ise swrafad da ise ~Teoriulad~ SemoviWeriT Tanamed-roveobaSi, da ise ~fatalurad~ miviReT civiliziciis materialuri niSnebi, rom faqtobrivad avcdiT im process anu yoveldgiur ganuwyvetel Zalisxmevas aq da axla dasmuli amocanis gadawyvetaSi, rom TviT am Zalisxmevis winaSe dagvebada SiSi. amitomac movnaxeT ~Zalisxmevis veli~ _ istoria, an fsevdoistoria, romelSic Tavs imad vxedavdiT, rac gvafrTxobda dRes, raSidac ar vutydebodiT arc erTmaneTs da arc sakuTar Tavs. ~istoriofrenia~ vuwode me am mdgomareobas. es ar aris ~romantizmi~. es aris sru-liad garkveuli fsiqologiuri kompleqsi (~sinamdvilis SiSis~ mavalniSniani kompleqsi) da fiqsirebuli ganwyoba, romelic iqca qarTveli eris demoralizebis, kulturuli da socialuri TviTngrevis faqtorad. aman ganapiroba saqarTveloSi ase iolad, TiTqmis totaluri masStabiT, ~adamianuri saxis~ znedacemuloba, korrufcia da kulturuli gaaxvreba. TaobaTa cvla faqtobrivad qarTuli kulturis radikalur ngrevad gamovlinda. vidre jer kidev arsebobdnen isini, visac Zlieri hqonda fesvi da icoda qarTuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis namdvili fasi, verc totalurma terorma da verc ideologiur_biurokratiulma gamxrwnelma sistemam ver moaxerxa qarTuli sinamdvilis mospoba. es moxerxda mxolod axla, ukanasknel oc_ocdaaTwledSi (1960_iani wlebidan moyolebuli) da Tavis kulminacias miaRwia 1988_1993 wlebSi. xSirad gagvigonia: qarTvelebi sxvis karze udides warmatebas aRweveno yovelTvis! _ faqtia. da es faqti, ragind paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, Cveulebriv sworadaa axsnili: ~aq ermaneTs vWamT, gasaqans ar vaZlevT, urTierTis gvSurs da amasTanave yvelas pirveloba gvinda..; da sxva~ _ esec sworia. magram es garegnuli konstataciaa. xolo Tu gavaanalizebT da gamovikvlevT yovelive amis meqanizmebs, davinaxavT, rom yovelive es Tavs ikrebs swored im kompleqsSi, romelsac sinamdvilis SiSi ewodeba. sinamdvile ~afeqturi~ ganwyobis veli ar aris, Tumca afeqtic da afeqturi ganwyobac sinamdvilea. sinamdvile, anu Cvens Tvalwin da Cveni TanaCarTviT mimdinare procesi ganuwyveteli xdomilebisa, moiTxovs erTgvar ganyenebas am procesidan, anu im saazrovno sivrces, romelic am xdomilebaTa erTian jaWvSi sazriss aRmomaCeninebs. Tu amgvari ganyeneba ver moxerxda da e. i., Tu azrovneba ar moxda, ise Cems TanaCarTvas adgili mxolod afeqtur da impulsur formaSi eqneba da, radgan afeqtica da impulsic momentaluria, sinamdvile wertilovani da wyvetili xdeba. amgvar wertilovan sinamdvileSi ki sazrisi, anu xdomilebaTa RirebulebiTi konfigurireba, gaformeba, ar xorcieldeba. amgvar sinamdviles saxiereba ar gaaCnia. imisaTvis, rom amgvari usazriso yofierebis kompensacia moaxdinos, adamiani eZebs ~sazrisian vels~, ukve gaformebulsa da RirebulebiT konfigurirebuls. aseTad mas xelSi eZleva istoria. am mov­lenis simetriulia komunisturi utopiuri fatalizmi. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom sarkiseburad, swored komunisturi utopiis teroris periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda ~istoriofreniuli~ kompensaciuri kompleqsebis gamovlineba. amis mizezi is aris, rom momavals, warsulisagan gansxvavebiT utopiurobis mkvrivi, ~xelSesaxebi~ da gaumWvirvale garsi akravs. maSin rodesac istorias, anu warsuls, namdvilobis gamWvirvale apki faravs: istoriisaken mibrunebuli mzeris, rogorc am istoriis Sedegad warmoqmnilis, arseboba xdeba garanti TviT istoriis xdomilebaTa namdvilobisac, _ Cven xom yvelani Cveni ~istoriis Svilebi~ varT. ase eqceva adamiani ~istoricizmisa~ da ~istoriofreniis~ tyveobaSi da ~fantomur RirebulebaTa~ TamaSSi ebmeba. oRond dRevandeli dRis uazro yofierebidan Tavi daaRwios da ar gamoavlinos is Zalisxmeva, romelsac misgan moiTxovs cxovreba, amgvari ~istoriofreniuli~ ganwyobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro ioli xdeba sxvis jibeSi xeli Cahyos, sxvisi miiTvisos, iqurdos, iyaCaRos, Tanamdeboba pirad sakuTrebad moixmaros da sxva, daviT aRmaSeneblis sadRegrZelo dalios da salarodan sazogadoebrivi biujeti gaitacos, an mTlianad saxelmwifo xazina; eklesiaSi ilocos da saerTaSoriso daxmarebis fondebidan Sav bazarze gadaitanos moparuli daxmareba. ministri iyos da iafad naSovn xorbalSi Zviri SeaZlios, rom mis angariSze Caricxon ~nameti~ fuli, elCi iyos da humanitaruli daxmarebis gadasazidad naxevari TavisTvis moiTxovos da sxva da sxva. yove­live es xdeba saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis da qarTvelobis gandidebis fonze. es es aris umZimesi da Semarcxveneli periodi ganvvleT, damamcirebeli omi gadavixadeT da aba Tu vinmes, garda ~ubralo~ xalxisa, daetyo es? xazs vusvam: mniSvnelovani da gasaanalizebeli swored isaa, rom saqarTvelo da qarTveloba Zalian swrafad, fatalurad Semovida TanamedroveobaSi, TiTqmis yvela materialuri parametrebiTa da niSnebiT, garda im arsebiTisa, romelsac unda daedasturebia Cveni namdviloba am TanamedroveobaSi. vgulisxmob swored politikur, socialur, da SemoqmedebiT ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielebul xdomilebaTa process da mis warmmarTvel kritikul azrs, romlis gareSe am xdomilebaTa RirebulebiTi raoba mniSvnelobas ver iZens. Cven ar aRmogvaCnda arc ConCxi da arc sxeuli im tansacmelis qveS, romelic Camogvacva TanamedroveobaSi Cvenma ~Semomyvanma~ ruseTma da axla, rodesac es garsacmeli SemogvaZarcva manve, gaognebuli davrCiT Cvenive Tavis danaxviT: ara ConCxi, ara kunTebi, aramed ~raRac sxva~ _ mkvrivi qoni...

Cven es ar vicodiT dRemde, ruseTma icoda, radgan TviTon iRwvoda amisTvis!

kritikuli azris uqonloba, anu ~rwmeniTi arsebobis~ fatalur utopiuri da totalisturi formidan vergamosvla da ~gamacnobierebi arsebobis~ anu kritikul realisturi da ~konkretuli saqmis~ formaSi vergadasvla aferxebda da aferxebs saqarTvelos namdvil arsebobas: politikurs, socialurs, SemoqmedebiTs (civilizebuls), aferxebs ConCxis agebas da kunTebis awyobas. namdvili socialuri sxeulis Camoyalibebas _ aq da axla. adamianis sxeuli, an sazogadoebrivi sxeuli, anu erovnuli sxeuli, bunebrivi warmonaqmni ar aris _ igi metabunebrivia. es niSnavs rom igi yovelwamieri Zalisxmevisa da mobilizebis Sedegad iqmneba da am Zalisxmevis modunebisas iSleba. dro, romelic saWiroa am sxeulis Sesaqmnelad, araa bunebrivi dro, aq dabadeba cxraTviani procesi ki ar aris, aramed metadroSi momxdari xdomileba _ nebis koncentraciiTa da Zalis-xmeviT warmoqmnili da konkretuli saqmis ~socioteqnikis~, ~politikuri teqnologiis~ xelovnebiT ganxorcielebuli: ~dRe erTi viTarca weli aTasi~!...

magram Cven ukve aq da axla ara varT. Cven 211 wliT ukan davixieT da im wertilSi aRmovCndiT, saidanac, Tu kargad davfiqrdebiT, SeiZleba davinaxoT isic, Tu ra gaxda Cveni amgvari ukusvlisa da bunebis cvlis mizezi. Cveni sxeulis ConCxisa da kunTebis ~mkvriv qonad~ gadaqcevis mizezi. vcadoT am gzis gavla xelmeored da imave problemebiT, romlebiTac gaiares igi Cvenma winaprebma. da movnaxoT is saerTo geopolitikuri foni, is Sesadarebi veli, romelTanac saerTos gamonaxviT ukeTesad gavigebT Tu sinamdvileSi sad varT, ra mdgomareobaSi varT, ra ar gavakeTeT da ra gavakeTeT, da ra gamosavali SeiZleba arsebobdes CvenTvis dRes: aq da axla.

kiTxva Cven Segvexeba da ara ruseTs, an TurqeTs, an irans, Tu ~dasavleTs~. da am kiTxvas Cvenve unda gavceT pirdapiri da daun­dobeli pasuxi, Tundac rom amis Semdeg ~pirSi balaxi amogvivides~(vaJa). da vidre am arsebiT kiTxvaze ar aris gacemuli yoveli moqalaqis mier pasuxi, sakiTxi: davukavSirdeT Tu ara ruseTs ekonomikuri xelSekrulebiT, proteqtoratiT, mTlianad SeverwyaT mas, Tu viyoT sng_s wevrebi, an gvWirdeba Tu ara ruseTi saerTod, da sxva..._ meoradi da yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. is mxolod teqnikur problemaTa rigSi dgeba, romlis aseTi Tu iseTi gadawyveta arsebiTad arafers ar cvlis Cvens mdgomareobaSi.





II



~borotebaTagan umciresi~



davakvirdeT daskvnas, romelic samma didma qarTvelma istorikosma gaakeTa:

~saqarTvelo mefis ruseTis koloniad iqca. ra Tqma unda, es iyo boroteba, romelsac qarTveli xalxi dauRalavad ebrZoda, vidre man, didi oqtombris revoluciis Sedegad, Tavisufleba ar moipova. magram im istoriul pirobebSi es iyo mainc umciresi boroteba: sami moqiSpe saxelmwifodan (ruseTi, irani, osmaleTi) mxolod ruseTi, saqarTvelosaTvis maxlobeli religiiTa da kulturiT, iyo is erTaderTi progresuli Zala, romelsac SeeZlo saqarTvelos miwa_wylis gaerTianeba da qveynis sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis uzrunvelyofa.

saqarTvelos istoriaSi axali xana daiwyo. mravalsaukunovani brZola ucxo, mtruli garemocvis garRveviT dasrulda da qarTveli xalxi, ruseTis meSveobiT, sabolood daubrunda evropuli ganviTarebis gzas.~ ( n. berZeniSvili, iv. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia: ~saqarTvelos istoria; nawili I; uZvelesi droidan XIX sakunis damdegamde. meore gamocema, 1946 gv. 419).

es daskvna ambobs, rom:

1. saqarTvelo iqca ruseTis koloniad da es iyo boroteba.

2. qarTveli xalxi dauRalavad ebrZoda am borotebas.

3. ruseTs SeeZlo saqarTvelos miwa_wylis gaerTianeba da qveynis sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis uzrunvelyofa. da amitom es iyo ~mcire boroteba~.

4. saqarTvelom oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg Tavisufleba moipova.

5. (ruseTis meSveobiT) saqarTvelo daubrunda evropuli ganviTarebis gzas.

amgvari daformuleba didi teroris pirobebSi da Semdeg misi ucvlelad gameoreba II msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli ~didi rusi eris mimarT~ did zneobriv Zalas iTxovda. arcerTi am debulebaTagani ar aris yalbi da ideologiurad gamoTlili. yoveli maTgani namdvilia da adgens xedvis im kuTxes, romlidanac SeiZleba da aucilebelicaa saqarTvelos istoriis gaanalizeba da saerTo (erovnuli) ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielebul xdomilebaTa procesis Secnoba, dadgena am ZalisxmevaTa namdvilobisa. Tavidanve mocemulia zrdilobis taqtika: ruseTisaTvis madlobis gadaxda miwa_ wylis gaerTianebisaTvis da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, evropuli gzis gaxsnisaTvis. kriteriumic ZalisxmevisaTvis dadgenilia: Tavisufleba da evropuli ganviTarebis gza.

arc erTi am debulebaTagan ar iwvevs iseT aRSfoTebas dRes, rogorc meoTxe. Tumca mis faqtobriobaSi eWvis Setana uxerxulic ki aris. 1917 w. oqtombris revoluciis (an rogorc axla vambobT _ gadatrialebis) Semdeg, saqarTvelo Tavisufali qveyana gaxda _ 1918 w. 26 maisidan _ 1921 w. 25 Tebervlamde! xolo sabWoTa sistema saqarTveloSi oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg ki ara, 1921 wlis Semdeg dafuZnda garkveuli mizezebiT, romlebzedac avtorebi aq arafers amboben, arc evalebaT da, albaT, meore, an mesame wignSi ityodnen. magram am debulebis fsevdonacionalisturi da ~wertilovani~ wakiTxva mas sruliad sxvagvarad ~Targmnis~: ai ivane javaxiSvilmac ki ~gaugora~ komunistebs da Tqva rom... da a. S.[14]

yvela Tanaxmaa, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, SesaZloa, erTaderTi udidesi sikeTe iyos, ruseTma rom moitana _ amas, Taviseburi azriT, ilia WavWavaZec ambobda, gansakuTrebiT menSevikebi da, Semdeg, komunistebi icavdnen. magram es TavisTavad centralisturi koncefciaa, romelsac, Tavad esaWiroeba kritikuli gaanalizeba, dasabuTeba da centralizmis sageblianobis dadastureba. amis nacvlad, qveynis gaerTianeba erTi centraluri Zalauflebis qveS (totalitaristuli modelirebiT) ~TavisTavad cxad sikeTed~ aris miCneuli. amgvarad imTaviTve miRebulia, rom saqarTvelom mecxramete saukuneSi, erovnuli damoukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi, SesZlo sameurneo_ekonomikuri gaerTianeba da miT erad Camoyalibeba _ stalinis formulis Sesatyvisad. ~aseTive gza ganvlo msoflios yvela kulturulma xalxma: ~igive unda iTqvas sxva erebzedac, romelTac feodalizmis stadia gaiares da TavianT qveynebSi kapitalizmi ganaviTares.~ _ ambobs amxanagi stalini.~[15]

me minda swored am debulebebis kritikuli analiziTa da maT mier mocemuli mimarTulebiT gavaanalizo saqarTvelos istoria, radgan TviT am debulebebSia Cadebuli kritikuli midgomis moTxovna, romelic, samwuxarod, jerac ar aris ganxorcielebuli.

aRniSnuli daskvnis mixedviT, saqarTvelos ruseTis koloniad gadaqceva, TavisTavad boroteba, ~mcire~ xdeba im mosalodnel udides borotebasTan Sedarebisas, romelic SeeZlo moetana saqarTvelos tradiciul mtrebs _ iransa da osmaleTs, aq SesaZleblobaTa erTmniSvnelovani rigi igulisxmeba da isaxeba: saqarTvelos ganawileba iransa da osmaleTs Soris; qarTuli qristianuli kulturis dam­croba da musulmanizacia; saqarTvelos rogorc eris gaqroba da asimilireba iranelebsa da TurqebSi. bunebrivia, rom am perspeqtivis winaSe ruseTis koloniad gaxdoma ara Tu mcire boroteba, aramed ~didi bednierebac~ iyo _ am debulebasac daudgeba Tavisi dro saqarTveloSi da mTqmelic gamouCndeba. magram aqamde jer Sorsaa.

vnaxoT saqarTvelosaTvis am didi safrTxis namdvili xasiaTi da ganvixiloT is viTareba, romelSic saqarTvelo da misi nawilebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobasTan erTad aRmoCndnen. amave dros is fonic, romelzedac es didi safrTxe cxaddeboda.

ras warmoadgenda saqarTvelo meTvramete saukunis dasasrulisaTvis?

arsebiTad istorikosTa Soris am sakiTxis irgvliv didi winaaRmdegoba ar sufevs da maTi azris daformuleba ase SeiZleba: saqarTvelo meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarsa da dasasruls iyo daqucmacebuli qveyana, ekonomikurad CamorCenili, mtrebiT garSemortymuli da Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse. mTavari ki is aris, rom saqarTvelo, saerTo aRiarebiT, am dros TiTqmis demografiuli katastrofisa da gaCanagebis pirad iyo misuli. tragikuli suraTia. magram aris Tu ara igi namdvili? me vfiqrob, da Sevecdebi davamtkico, rom ara. am suraTs, romelic Semdgomi movlenebis mizezad da fonadaa gamoyenebuli namdviloba da faqtobrioba aklia. mivmarToT imave wigns, saidanac CvenTvis saintereso da itoriuli konceftualuri RerZis mniSvnelobis mqone daskvna amoviReT.

meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSic saqarTvelo qarTl_kaxeTis da imereTis samefoebad, afxazeTis, odiSisa, guriis samTavroebad, da svaneTad iyo iyo daSlili. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos es yofili mxareebi, am periodisaTvis damoukidebel erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, damoukidebel politikas anxorcielebdnen da Tav_TavianTi geopolitikuri interesebi hqondaT. mTavari sakiTxia: rogor saxelmwifoebriv sistemebs warmoadgendnen es damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebi da iyvnen Tu ara isini qarTuli kulturis erToblivi matarebelni.

ukanasknel kiTxvas TiTqos pirdapir scems dadebiT pasuxs saqarTvelos mefe mTavarTa mier 1790 wels dadebuli ~saukuno piroba~, romelSic ~naTesaobasTan~ erTad xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli saqarTvelos nawilTa erTobis religiur_eklesiuri da kulturuli safuZvelic. dRes savsebiT naTelia, rom qarTveluri eTno_birTvebis gansaxlebis are faravs im teritorias, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Tavsdeboda sxvadasxva dros, e. i. daaxloebiT mTeli sivrce samxreT kavkasiisa da antikavkasiisa anatoliamde. TavisTavad am faqtis konstatacias arc iseTi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorsac miaweren ~istoricistebi~ da ~istoriufreniiT~ Sepyrobilebi. mniSvnelovani aris ara eTno_birTvebis, aramed religiur_saeklesio da kulturuli birTvis arseboba, radgan eTno_birTvi, rogorc eris materialuri sub­strati, denadi da cvalebadia. am TvalsazrisiT, dRes ~genetiurad sufTa erebi~ ar arseboben. saqarTvelo eTniurad ki ar warmoiSva qarTlidan, romeliRac ~qarTis~ tomis eqstensiuri ganvrcobiT, anu sxva tomTa dapyrobiT, aramed qristianuli religiisa da kulturis qarTlidan, rogorc am kulturis sulieri centridan ganvrcobiT. saqarTvelo iqmneboda qarTveluri tomebis mier jer mazdeanuri (sparsuli) da, Semdeg, qristianuli (berZnuli) kulturis da am kulturis centridanuli enis _ qarTulis aTvisebis da mis xdomilebaSi Tanamonawileobis gziT da ara romeliRac eTnobirTvis politikuri eqspansiis safuZvelze. swored am TvalsazrisiT unda vilaparakoT Cven sa­qarTvelos saqarTveloebidan Seqmnis Sesaxeb erT kulturul niadagze. kulturis ena ar Tanxvdeba eTnosis enas. kulturis ena ze_eTnosuri warmonaqmnia da am TvalsazrisiT igi religiasTan avlens kavSirs. am azriT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom kulturulad qarTvelebi yalibdebodnen mazdeanuri sparseTis da Zveli berZnebis Zlieri gavlenis qveS (rom araferi iTqvas winare epoqebze) da garkveulad Camoyalibdnen, Tu davu­jerebT qarTlis cxovrebas, elinistur epoqaSi. swored qarTuli kulturis elinisturi xasiaTi xdeba yvelaze SesamCnevi uaxloesi dakvirvebisas. saqarTveloebis ~qarTuli identuroba~, romelic politikuri daSlilobis epoqebSic saqarTvelos erTian saxes unarCunebda swored am kulturul safuZvelze dgindeboda. es aZlevda safuZvels Zvel istorikosebsac elaparakaT ~qarTul saxlze~, romelic XV sau­kunis somexi istorikosis Toma mewofelis ganmartebiT Sedgeboda 8 tomisagan: qarTebis (~vracebi~), imerlebis, megrelebis, svanebis, afxazebis, mesxebis, dvalebis da osebisagan~[16]. saboloo saxiT es qarTuli elinisturi kulturuli birTvi, romelmac ~saqarTvelo~ Seqmna da SeinarCuna, qristianul kulturad gasrulda da aseTad rCeboda igi meoce saukunis gaswvrivac, TiTqmis samocian wlebamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebsa, Tu nawilebSi, qristianuli kultura erTgvar diferencirebul speqtrs iZleva, Sesabamisad am nawilTa da kuTxeTa ~eTno~ da geopolitikuri Taviseburebebisa, qarTuli qristianuli kultura savsebiT faravs imas, rasac ~saqarTvelo~ ewodeba da risi gansaxlebis velic kavkasioniTa da antikavkasioniT aris mosazRvruli. am geopolitikur sivrceSi yalibdeboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilTa, eTnosTa da tomTagan qarTuli saxelmwifo. am saxelmwifos Sinagani RerZi geopolitikurad ikiTxeba rogorc mtkvrisa da rionis geopolitikuri horizontali, romlis mimarT aris miswrafebuli qarTuli geopolitikuri erTeulebi. am TvalsazrisiT es RerZiskenuli energia aris mTeli geopolitikuri sivrcis bunebrivi makavSirebeli, ~damWeri~. es gvesaxeba safuZvlad saqarTvelos bunebrivi erTianobisa Sinagani diferencirebis sakmaod maRali registriT. es diferencireba gamowveulia saqarTvelos nawilTa lokaluri teritoriis geografiuli da geopolitikuri(socialur_ekono-mikuri da eTno_kulturuli) konfiguraciiT: bari_zegani_mTa. saqarTvelos Sinagani diferencireba, da socialur _ ekonomikuri, Tu politikuri, registrebisa da formebis gansxvaveba, arasodes ar yofila saqarTvelos bunebrivi gaerTianebis xelisSemSleli piroba. am bunebriobas eyrdnoboda swored qristianul_kulturuli erToba saqarTvelosi. da es marTalia gamusulmanebuli saqarTvelos regionebis mimarTac. am regionebSi, miuxdavad maTi sxva saxelmwifoSi CarTvisa saukuneTa (e.i. TaobaTa!) manZilze da religiis Secvlisa (gamusulmaneba), cxovrebis yaidisa da kulturis qarTuli xasiaTi jer kidev mkafiod Cans.

saqarTvelos istoria, arsebiTad, es aris ~qarTuli saxlis~ istoria, romelic garkveulwilad ~kavkasiuri saxlis~ modelirebis tendencias iCens. am ~fuZe saxls~, qarTuls, xan akldeba romelime wevri, xan uerTdeba. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis istorias, rogorc dapyrobaTa ganmcdeli nebismieri Zveli saxelmwifos istorias, wyvetilobebi aqvs, magram ~qarTuli saxlis~ geopolitikuri da kulturuli makavSirebeli idea, ukanasknel dromde, imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom bunebrivad warmoSobda axal energias wyvetili jaWvis gasamTeleblad. amitomac ase bunebrivad aRviqvamT 1790 wlis saqarTvelos mefeebisa da mTavrebis mier dadebul erTobis ~saukuno pirobas~:

~vinaiTgan yovelive iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefoisa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erTmorwmuneba, arian Zeni erTis kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobiTica siyvaruli, viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvrobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris, amisTvis Cven zemoxsenebulni qveyanaTa iveriisaTa mefeni da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa, saxeliTa yovlad Zlierisa RmerTisaTa, aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa~...

magram es SesaniSnavi ~saukuno~ traqtatebi sinamdvileSi ukve sruliad sxva viTarebis fonze iwereboda da gamafrTxilebel sagangaSo zarad Jrerda; igi moiTxovda sul sxva xasiaTis energias, konkretul saqmes, socioteqnikas da politikur teqnologias, da, rac mTavaria, sinamdvilis xedvas, vidre saqarTveloebSi arsebobda.

cxadi niSani am energiis daqveiTebisa da e.i. ~qarTuli saxlis~ mamTlianebeli kulturuli ideis gauferulebisa mxolod mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi da meoces dasawyisSi Cndeba. SemdgomSi, jer menSevikebis da Semdeg sabWoTa epoqaSi, es energiaca da es ideac imdenad sustdeba, rom TviTmomspob energias da miswrafebas warmoSobs. magram kiTxvaze, romelic adre daisva, miRebuli istoriuli suraTis namdvilobis Sesaxeb, es yovelive pasuxs ar scems. suraTi, romelic aRniSnul, da yvela sxva, wignebSia mocemuli, sruliad sxva daskvnis saSualebas iZleva.

sakmarisia CamovTvaloT is politikuri warmatebani, romelic qarTl_kaxeTis samefos hqonda meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSi, rom aRniSnulma ~sruli mospobis safrTxem~ sruliad sxva ganzomileba miiRos. erekle meores saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis arakritikuli Sefasebis safuZveli, udavoa, ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebaa, da miuxedavad imisa, rom erekle ~arafrisaken ise ar miiswrafoda, rogorc Tavisi xalxis evropulad gardaqmnisaken~, erekleseuli gageba evropisa, da ruseTisac, sakmaod Sors iyo evropuli sinamdvilidan da evropaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gacnobierebidan, iseve, rogorc erekleseuli reformebi. sakiTxavia, ra pirobebi arsebobda saqarTveloebSi (aRmosavleTsa Tu dasav-leTSi) realuri socialuri da politikuri reformebis Casatareblad? arsebobda Tu ara is klasi (an kalasebi), romlebzedac dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli iyo raime reformebis Catareba, anu esaWiroeboda Tu ara es reformebi vinmes, garda TviT samefo xelisuflebisa?

am kiTxvebze ideologiurad orientirebuli pasuxis gacema arafers ar mogvcems. faqti is aris, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda imgvari klasi, romelsac am reformebis saWiroeba da moTxovnileba eqneboda. yovelive rCeboda ~Zvel~ CarCoebSi da dinastiur TviTdafuZnebas emsaxureboda. erekles mxolod samxedro daxmareba esaWiroeboda amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobis mosapoveblad da gansamtkiceblad, Tavisi Sinauri, Tu gareuli moqiSpeebis mosarevad da iran_osmaleTis moZalebis samudamod SesaCereblad. amgvar daxmarebas ki, Tanamedrove politikur viTare­baSi, saqarTvelos usasyidlod aravin miscemda. amitomac araferi gamodioda dasavleT evropis xelmwifeebisadmi pirdapiri mimarTvisagan. ruseTsa da iran_osmaleTs Soris ruseTis arCeva swored imiT iyo gapirobebuli, rom ruseTi am sasyidels TiTqos ar iTxovda. is saqarTvelos exmareboda rogorc ~erTmorwmune qristianuli~ saxelmwifo. am kriteriumebiT moqmed erekle II, rasakvirvelia, ~politikosi~ Znelad daerqmeva, miuxedavad misi pirovnuli sidiadisa.

aq unda SevexoT erT sakiTxs, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mTeli orsaukunovani istoriuli procesis Sesacnobad.



*



meTvramete saukunis evropasa da saqarTveloebs Soris didi gasnsxvavebaa. zedapiruli sqemebiT, SesaZloa, xerxdebodes am gansxvavebaTa nivelireba da saqmis ise warmodgena, TiTqos saqarTvelo daaxloebiT iseTive ganviTarebis gziT midioda, rogorc evropuli saxelmwifoebi, an mTlianad evropa. vTqvaT urTierTaSliloba, politikuri da socialuri (~klasTa~!) ~brZola~ da sxva... magram is, rac eWvs ar iwvevda Tundac meTeqvsmete saukunemde, da meaTe_mecamete saukuneebisaTvis xom udavoa, araviTar sinamdviles ar Seesatyviseba aRniSnuli droisaTvis... meTvramete saukunis saqarTveloebi imdenad arian acdenilebi ~evropul gzas~, rom Zneli gamosacnobi xdebian evropisaTvis. es iyo ~rwmeniTi arsebobis~ ganwyobiT velSi daWerili, Sinagani ganviTarebis (saWiroebis) impulsebs moklebuli qveynebi, romlebic metnaklebad TviTkmar ~sapurmarilo~ meurneobas misdevdnen da urTierTsa, Tu gareSe mterTan, romelsac saucxoo pirobebi eqmneboda maT dasapyrobad, ganuwyvetliv ~istoriul~ qiSpobasa da omSi iyvnen, xolo omTaSoris periodebSi ki ~isxdnen da elodnen~...

meTvramete saukunis evropa _ es aris ganmanaTlebluri evropa, romelmac Seqmna piroba fatalur ~rwmeniTi arsebobidan~, kritikul ~gamacnobiereb arsebobaze~ sruli gadasvlisa e. i. evropuli civilizaciis Tanamedrove saxis Seqmnisa.[17]

sakmarisia gadavxedoT evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi moRvawe pirovnebebs, rom naTeli gaxdes Tu gonebis rogori ZalisxmeviT xdeboda evropaSi axali socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri gzis Zieba. axali azrovnebis formisa da meTodebis dafuZneba, axali stilis, axali kulturis SuqniSanTa Zieba. religia, filosofia, fsiqologia, esTetika, morali, kanoni, sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, politika, ekonomika,.. ar darCenila arcerTi sakiTxi adamianis pirovnuli Tu socialuri arsebobisa, romelic axal sinaTleSi ar yofiliyo gaSuqebuli ara romelime erT evropul qveyanaSi, aramed mTels evropul sivrceSi[18]...

Cveulebriv istorias sami aspeqtiT ganixilaven: politikuriT, socialuriT da ekonomikuriT. meoTxe aspeqtad gamoyofili ~kultura~ an ~civilizacia~ arsebiTad maintegrirebeli faqtoria. igi am samive aspeqts erT mTlianobaSi warmogvidgens. rodesac vambobT meTvramete saukunis evropuli (an romelime qveynis) kultura, vgulisxmobT socialur, politikur da ekonomikur kulturaTa erTobas, radgan yoveli es istoriuli aspeqti adamianis yofierebis Zalisxmevisa, warmoadgens kulturis (civilizaciis) formas. adamianis Zalisxmeva bunebrivad aris mimarTuli kulturis civilizaciad gasrulebisaken. sxva veqtori adamianis yofierebas ara aqvs. am Zalisxmevas integralurad moqalaqeoba SeiZleba ewodos, am sityvis rogorc socialuri, aseve religiuri (qristianuli) TvalsazrisiT (rac gamoxatulia orisav qveynis ~cxovrebasa da moqalaqeobaSi~). am ZalisxmeviT warmoqmnil xdomilebaTa sxvadasxva formas warmoadgens is, rasac ewodeba:

a) politikuri kultura (politika), romelic ama Tu im qveynis (saxelmwifos) Sinagani mowyobis sistemasa da sxva saxelmwifoebTan (qveynebTan) urTierTobis formebsa da meTodebs warmoadgens garkveuli mizniT warmoebuls. es mizani Tavisi arsebiT sxva araferia, Tu ar mocemuli qveynis usafrTxoebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis (wonasworobisaTvis) warmoebul ZalisxmevaTa sistema. politikuri kultura swored kulturis politikur aspeqtze miuTiTebs da im meTodebsa da saSualebebze, romlebiTac arsebiTi mizani politikosobisa ganxorcieldeba. aq yovelives gansazRvravs mizani da saSualebebi, romliTac es mizani miiRweva. maRali (ganviTarebuli) politikuri kultura gulisxmobs, rom mizani miiRweva umciresi safasuris gadaxdiT. es universaluri kriteriumia politikisa. amave dros, politikuri kultura gamoavlens im reglamentaciebsac, romlebic integralurad arsebobs kulturaSi da cxaddeba rogorc kanoni (anu wesi da rigi), am sityvis ara mxolod iuridiuli(samarTlebrivi), aramed religiuri azriTac;

b) socialuri kultura, anu is sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis formebi, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemul qveyanaSi (saxelmwifSi) mosaxle yoveli adamianisa da erTobis urTierTobis formebs, sistemas da struqturas am urTierTobebisa da im reglamentirebebs, romlebiTac adamianTa qcevas (farTo gagebiT arsebobisa da Sesaqmisa) garkveuli saxe eZleva. socialuri kultura urTierTobriv xdomilebaTa is velia, romelSic da romliTac moqmedebs da saxierdeba adamiani rogorc SesaZlebloba da rogorc sinamdvile. socialuri kultura, rogorc urTierTobaTa sistema, romelsac Tavisi struqtura gaaCnia, kulturis yvelaze momcveli gamomxatvelia. kultura, rogorc RirebulebaTa veli, swored socialur kulturaSi saxierdeba, radgan mxolod socialur formaSi xdeba adamianis adamianad gaxdomis SesaZleblobaTa realizeba, rac, arsebiT, RirebulebiTi realizacia aris. socialuri kulturis arsebobis forma gansazRvruli aris mocemuli individisa, Tu erTobis, saxlobis ariT, anu geopolitikurad. socialuri kulturis daxvewa (ganviTarebis, amaRllebis) erTadmosaxleobis genuwyvetel process gulisxmobs. am procesSi xdeba garkveul individualur interesTa da mizanTa RirebulebiTi ierarqiis dadgena da saarsebo wonasworoba miiRweva. socialur kulturis simaRlis (daxvewilobis) kriteriumic safasuriT ganisazRvreba: ra safasurs ixdis individi an erToba Tavisi SesaZleblobebisa da miswrafebebis gansaxorcieleblad. maRal socialur kulturaSi es safa-suri Sinagan kanons (wess da rigs) eqvemdebareba da ara garegan gansazRvrulobasa da reglamentaciebs. TviT es garegani socialuri kanoni (normatiul_konvencionaluri samarTali, tradicia da a. S... wesi da rigi urTierTobebSi) romelsac zrdiloba ewodeba qarTulad, gansa­zRvrulia qcevis RirebulebiTi skaliT da socialuri velis wonasworobis dacviskenaa mimarTuli. socialuri kulturis ganviTarebasTan (daxvewasTan), anu zrdilobis srulqm-nasTan, erTad xdeba am garegani, konvencionaluri kanoniT gansazRvruli qcevis RirebulebiTi skalis Sinagan (socialurad bunebriv) kanonad gasruleba. socialuri kulturis mizani, aris swored imgvari velis Seqmna, romelSic mocemuli pirovneba da erToba Sinagani kanonis moTxovniT arseboben urTierTTan da urTierTis mimarT, da ara garegnuliT. am Sinagan kanons, bunebrivia, ~Sinagani adamiani~ Seesatyviseba, ~Sinagani adamiani~ flobs. am ~Sinagan adamians~, anu sulier adamians, romelic namdvilia, anu aris is rac aris, icis is, rac icis da icis ras akeTebs, ar aris ~xorcieli, codvisadmi miyiduli~, aqvs ~gulis morCileba~, romelic misi qcevis ganmsazRvrelia. am ~gulis morCilebas~ sxvagvarad codna ewodeba. es codna, rogorc ~Sinagani adamianis~ ganaTlebuloba, moqmedebaSi, saqmeSi da saqcielSi saxierdeba da ara warmoTqmaSi. swored am ~Sinagani adamianis~ sidide_simcireze da daxvewilobaze aris damokidebuli socialuri kulturis simaRle da daxvewiloba. es ki gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs socialuri kulturis xelovneba, am sityvis ZvelberZnuli gagebiT, anu ~sikeTeSi yofnis ostatoba~, socialuri da politikuri kulturis qmedebis forma, anu teqnikuri wesebis codna miyvanili bunebriobamde. zrdilobis sruli Sinaarsi, romelic socialur qcevasTan erTad aRzrdasac moicavs da ganaTlebasac, swored am ~teqnes~, anu xelovnebis Sinaarss Tanxvdeba...;

g) ekonomikuri kultura, anu Sromis, warmoebis, realizaciisa da moxmarebis srulyofis kultura. igi warmoadgens Cvevebis, kanonebis (anu wesebis, rogorc dawerilis, aseve dauwerelis,) da saurTierTobo xelovnebis (teqnikisa) sistemas, romliTac mocemuli sazogadoeba da misi TviToeuli wevri qmnis Tavisi arsebobis sasicocxlod aucilebel materialur da metamaterialur produqts da misi urTierTgacvliT qmnis kerZo(individualur) da saerTo (sazogadoebriv) sacxovris_saarsebo vels. am saarsebo velis Sesaqmnelad adamiani (sazogadoeba) ga­moiyenebs rogorc Tavisi gansaxlebis areSi arsebul bunebriv (mocemul) da finansiur (simbolur) resursebs _ horizontaluri ganviTarebisas; aseve sxva qveynebis bunebriv (mocemul) resursebs da finansiur (simbolur) saSualebebs _ vertikaluri ganviTarebisas.[19]

gavixsenoT, rom, berZnulad, ~ekonomia~ niSnavda: 1. saxlis an qalaqis administrirebas; 2. iseT warmarTvas saqmisa, rodesac Tavidan aicileba arasaWiro xarjebi da 3. romelime ansamblis elementTa organizebas[20].

maRali ekonomikuri kultura miuTiTebs horizontaluri da vertikaluri veqtorebis gawonasworebul ganviTarebaze. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri kultura Tavisuflebisa da gaxsnilobis safuZvelia, rac ganviTarebis pirobas qmnis. ~Caketili~ ekonomika _ ekonomika, da miT umetes ~katalaqsia~, ar aris, radgan ~wertilovani veqtorebi~ aqvs da, e.i. ganviTarebis pirobebs moklebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri kultura Tavisi arsebiT zeeTnocentruli da antiSovinisturia; igi zenacionaluricaa, masSi erTdroulad ori fundamenturi veqtoris arsebobisa gamo. ekonomiuri kulturis zenacionaluri xasiaTi da socialuri da politikuri kulturis na­cionaluri xasiaTi ~bunebiT~ kontradiqtorulni arian. am winaaRmdegobaSi Cndeba istoriuli ganviTarebis realuri mamoZravebeli energiis wyaro. ama Tu im eris (saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis) istoriuli ganviTareba, es aris ganuwyveteli Zalisxmeva ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa da gaxsnilobis aucileblobasa da nacionalur socialur da politikur interesTa Sesatyvisobisa da wonasworobis sapovnelad. arcerT am mxareTagani adamianisa da sazogadoebis arsebobisa calcalke ar qmnis ganviTarebis pirobas, radgan amgvari calmxrivi ~ganviTareba~ qmnis ~monstrs~ anu TviTmomspob energetikul vels, romelSic ~ganviTarebas~ mxolod regresiuli veqtori aqvs, anu ~nulovani~, wertilovani ~Savi naxvretisken~ mimarTuli.[21]



is, rasac evropuli ganviTarebis gza ewodeba, aris adamianis saarsebo velis yoveli nawilis mravalsapeqtovani, ganuwyveteli da fragmentaluri (TandaTani) ganviTareba; an, me vityodi, mozaikuri ganviTarebis gza, romelic arsebiTad aris liberaluri socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis gza. am ganuwyvetlobisa da mozaikurobis SesaZleblobas iZleva kritikuli azrovneba da kritikuli meTodologia, ~specifikurad evropuli~ warmonaqmni, romelic warmoadgens Tanamedrove evropuli civilizaciis mamoZravebels. am kritikuli azrovnebisa da kritikuli meTodologiis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda ~rwmeniTi arsebobidan~ da misi Sesatyvisi martivi an winaremecnieruli socialuri teqnologiis formebidan Tanamedrove mecnierul formebze gadasvla. Tavisi mxriv es gadasvla moamzada evropuli qristianuli kulturis ganviTarebis mTelma procesma berZnul, elinistur_romaul da feodalur epoqaTa gaswvriv. amitom, rodesac vlaparakobT ~evropul gzaze~ da ~evropaSi dabrunebaze~ unda gavaanalizoT am kritikuli azris qarTul kulturaSi arsebobis namdviloba da, an, SesaZlebloba.

qveviT am sakiTxs ilia WavWavaZis ganmanaTleblur_kritikuli nacionalizmis kritikuli meTodologiis Suqze ganvixilav.





III



~ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~



ilia WavWavaZis integraluri nacionalizmis principebi





socialuri filosofosis da publicistis nawerebi arsebiTad damatebiT ~gadaazrebas~ ar saWiroeben eqsplikaciisaTvis. maTSivea mocemuli naTlad da gasagebad yovelive is, razedac me msurs mivapyro moazrovne moqalaqeTa yuradReba da, amitomac, Sevecdebi maqsimalurad SevzRudo Cemi Tavi da sityva TviT ilia WavWavaZes mivce, romlis socialfilosofiuri azri da publicistika warmoadgens uaxlesi qarTuli istoriis im saZirkvels, romelzedac SesaZlebeli iyo realurad aSenebuliyo qarTuli evropuli sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi sistema yvela parametrebiT. Tanamedrove evropa, rogorc zeviT aRiniSna, ~ganmanaTlebluri~ XVIII saukunis pirmSoa. ~ganmanaTlebloba~ ki ukve niSnavda ~rwmeniTi arsebobidan~ ~kogitalur (azrovnebiT) arsebobaze~ gadasvlas. am gadasvlas Tan axlda kritikuli azris gacxoveleba, uromlisodac ~adgilidan daZvra~ SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda. Cems mier SemoTavazebuli termini ~ganmanaTlebluri nacionalizmi~ erTis SexedviT urTierTgamomricxav cnebaTa mijras warmoadgens, radgan ~ganmanaTleblobis~ arsebiT niSanTa Soris Tu ki raime SeiZleba gamoiyos, _ es aris kosmopolitizmi, rac Cveulebriv nacionalizmis sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. magram uaxloesi ganxilvisas kosmopolitizmsa da nacionalizms Soris araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris, Tu nacionalizmis definicia kritikuli analizis Sedegad iqneba miRebuli da ara ideologiur_politikuri moTxovnebiT gapirobebuli, rogorc es moxda meoce saukuneSi[22]. da gansakuTrebiT komunistur (erTob memarcxene) ideologiasa da politikaSi, rasac gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli hitleruli ~socialisturi nacionalizmis~ ideologiam. nacionalizmis, romelic ganixileboda rogorc komunisturi internacionalizmis totalitaruli ideologiis erTaderTi alternativa,[23] diskreditacia moxda 1987_1993 wlebis ~perestroikis~ CarCoebSic, rodesac nacionalizmi ewoda iseT gamovlinebebs, romlebsac arsebiTad araferi nacionalisturi ar hqondaT da aRzevebuli da sakmaod ostaturad marTuli masebisa da maTi liderebis martiv destruqtivul revoluciur moZraobebs warmoadgendnen. Sedegmac ar daayovna. totaluri ~erovnuli ngreva~, romelic axla saxeze gvaqvs sng_d aRdgenil ~yofili kavSiris respublikebSi~ nacionalizmis miznisa da miswrafebis sawinaaRmdego movlenas warmoadgens. am diskreditacias Sorsmimavali mizani hqonda, radgan man ~gaaswora~ lenin_ staliniseuli ~burJuaziuli nacionalizmis~ ideologia. axali diskreditaciiT nacionalizms CamoSorda ~klasobrivi~ niSani (buJuaziuloba) da igi totalurad, _ politikurad socialurad da inteleqtualuradac _, madiskreditirebel Tvalsazrisad iqca. amiT moixsna igi rogorc totalitarizmis, da saerTod antiliberalizmis, erTaderTi alternativac. amgvar diskreditaciaSi araferia Tanamedrove kriticistuli mimarTebidan da igi warmoadgens Zvel ~inkviziciur~ modelze gadasvlas imaTi mxridan, visac ~progresizmis~ artaxebi ver Semouxsnia jerac da msoflio istoriis ~mamoZravebel progresul Zalad~ warmoidgens Tavs. nacionalizmi Tavisi arsebiT RirebulebiTi cnebaa da igi kulturis gaxsnil horizontSi unda iqnas gaanalizebuli da gansazRvruli. politikuri nacionalizmi arsebiTad patriotizmis (romelic ~bunebrivad dadebiT~ cnebaTa rigs miekuTvna memarcxene ~inkvizitorTa~ mier) gamwvavebuli formaa. igi warmoadgens reaqcias im saSiSroebaze, romelic qveyanas (saxelmwifosa da ers) mospobiT, gadagvarebiT da a.S. emuqreba. es safrTxe SeiZleba momdinareobdes rogorc pirdapiri samxedro agresiis formiT, aseve ekonomikuri, socialuri, Tu kulturuli destruqtiulobis formiTac. nacionalizmi am momentSi iqceva erTgvar mobilizaciad Sinagani ~kulturuli energiisa~ (~Sinagani adamianis~ Sesatyvisis), rac nacionaluri Tavdacvis mTel sistemad (taqtikiTa da strategiiT) vlindeba. swored am TavdacviTi sistemis kritikuli analiziT SeiZleba ganisazRvros nacionalizmis integraluri da kulturuli xasiaTi.

gansxvavebiT nacionalizmis sruli anu ganmanaTleblur_kritikuli formidan, nacionalizmis calmxriv politikur aspeqts TavisTavad axlavs ideologizirebisa da masaTa anticnobierebis mimmarTvel Zalad gadaqcevis saSiSroeba. amgvari ~gardaqmnis~ mowmea meoce saukune, jer hitleruli socialisturi nacionalizmis da Semdeg neokomunisturi (neototalitaruli) ~nacionalizmis~ saxiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi miviReT meore msoflio omi da germaniis totaluri dangreva, meore SemTxvevaSi ki yofil sabWoTa blokis teritoriebze gaCaRebuli ~intereTniuri~ omebi (balkaneTi, kavkasia, Sua azia, moldaveTi...) romelsac Tavisuflad eniWeba mesame msoflio omis modelis saxeli[24]. magram yovelive amas araviTari mimarTeba ganmanaTleblur_kritikul da realpolitikur ~integralur nacionalizmTan~ ara aqvs. ~integraluri nacionalizmis~ saarsebo veli arsebiT kulturuli RirebulebiTi velia. am RirebulebiTi velis topologiis struqturaSi kosmopolitizms Tavisi bunebrivi alagi aqvs da igi sxvada-sxva formiTaa gamovlenili kulturis RirebulebiT sistemaSi, rogorc cxovrebis stilis RirebulebiTi struqturebi (zrdilobis formebi, stumar_maspinZlobis wesebi da normebi, ucxoelisadmi gansakuTrebuli mzrunveli yuradReba da sxva da sxva). nacionalizmic da kosmopolitizmic, rogorc urTierT gamapirobebeli struqturebi erTiani RirebulebiTi velisa, iseve, rogorc am velis yoveli elementi da mTlianad velic, rogorc sistema, gansazRvrebisa da gagebisaTvis iTxovs kritikul gaanalizebas. es niSnavs im struqturis da misi toposis dadgenas, rasac erTmniSvnelovnad ~kritika~ ewodeba da RirebulebiTi velis arsebiT struqturaTa rigs ganekuTvneba ~kogitaluri arsebobis~, anu Tanamedrove, sistemaSi. iq, saca kritikis es struqtura da toposi ar ganisazRvra, iq dekulturizaciis tendenciebi ~zvaviviT~ Zlierdeba da izrdeba am Camozvavebis Sedegi SeiZleba ganisazRvros im magaliTebiT, romlebsac gvawvdis ukanaskneli ocwledis msoflio istoria, hipermasobrivi ~demokratiuli~ dekulturizacia, rogorc sabWoTa sistemis farglebSi, aseve, mTlianad msoflioSic; sxvadasxva saxis fsevdoreligiuri fundamentalizmebis (musulmanuri, ebrauli, iranuli, alJiruli, sikxuri da sxva, nawilobriv ~orTodoqsulic~) da ~masobrivi kulturis~ saxiT. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, kritikuli azris dafuZnebsaTvis brZola nacionalizmis arsebiTi niSania. xolo es kritikuli nacionalizmi ki arsebiT niSnad ganmanaTleblur kosmopolitizms Seicavs.

ilia WavWavaZis (da qarTveli nacionalstebis) nacionalizmi, ganmanaTlebluri kritikisaTvis brZolis formaSi gamoixata pirvel rigSi. es iyo Tanamedrove evropuli ganviTarebis gzaze dadgomisa da qarTuli kulturis namdvil evropul civilizaciad gasrulebis cda da Zalisxmeva. ganmanaTleblur_kritikuli da realpolitikuri integraluri nacionalizmi erTaderTi saSualeba iyo am mznis misaRwevad. nacionalizmis ideologizirebisa da revoluciurad ~maorganizebel~ destruqtivul Zalad gadaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, aucilebeli iyo axali evoluciuri nacionaluri ~fragmentaluri socioteqnikisa~ da konkretuli saqmis social_sainJinro ~teqnologiuri strategiis~ gamomuSaveba. es Tavis-Tavad gulisxmobda ukritiko ~rwmeniTi arsebobidan~ kitikul, ~kogitalur~ gacnobierebul arsebobaze gadasvlas.[25]

ai, rogor amoikiTxeba saqarTvelosaTvis brZolis integralur-nacionalisturi strategiisa da taqtikis aspeqtebi qarTuli integraluri nacionalizmis fuZemdeblis, ilia WavWavaZis naazrevidan:



kritikuli azris uqonloba.



Tu Cvens mwerlobasa da sazogadoebas CaukvirdebiT, SeniSnavT erTs arasasiamovno garemoebas, romelic xels uSlis erTis da meoris war­matebasac. arc mwerlobasa da arc sazogadoebas ar aRmouCenia namdvili gza, romliTac unda msvlelobdes azri da goneba, ar daudgenia namdvili azri Cvenis warsul da awmyos viTarebis Sesaxeb, da samarTlianad ver dagvifasebia, ver gamogvikvlevia Cveni yofa_cxovreba. jerjerobiT ver SevTanxmebulvarT da ver aRmogviCenia is centraluri wertili, sadac gadanaskvulia cxovrebis sxvadasxva mimdinareoba. erTis sityviT, dRemdis ver dagvidgenia samarTliani kritikuli azri Cvenis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. es garemoeba amiT aris usiamovno, Cvenis warmatebis damabr-kolebeli, da gviCvenebs Cvenis gonebis gauwrTvnelobas, Cvens gaufrTxileblobas da daukvirveblobas. ai, aq aris umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom yoveli keTili sazogado saqme CvenSi erTob nelis nabijiT midis win...

Cvena vTqviT, rom kritikuli azri ver dagvidgenia Cvenis viTarebis Sesaxeb, samarTlianad ver dagvifasebia Cveni warsuli da awmyo. kritikulis azris uqonloba imodenad SesamCnevia CvenSi, rom ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miaqcioT, Tu cotaTi mainc CaukvirdiT Cvens azrovnebasa. ai, sxvaTa Soris, aq aris imis mizezi, rom verc Cvenis istoriis Seswavla da kvleva ver damdgara jerjerobiT namdvils gzaze da verc sazogado azris mimdinareoba. Cven imas ki ar vambobT, viTom yvelani erTisa da imave gziT unda vmsvlelobdeT, erTsa da imave yaidaze vgrZnobdeT da vgonebdeT, rom yvelani erTisa da imave az­risa viyvneT, aramed imasa, rom Cven erTmanerTis azri da moqmedeba ver dagvifasebia da samarTlianis TvaliT ar gagvisinjavs, da Tu erTmanerTs wunsa vdebT, mxolod imisTvis, rom survili da Rone ara gvaqvs erTmanerTis azrsa da mizidulebas saZirkveli gavusinjoT.

yovel dawinaurebul sazogadoebaSi azris sxvadasxvaoba, mravalgvaroba kritikis Sedegia da sxvadasxva azrisa da mimarTulebis mimdevarT aqvT iseTi wertili, romelic yvelasTvis saerToa. CvenSi ki sxvadasxvaoba azrisa kritikulis azris uqonlobis bralia da Cvenis gaufrTxileblobisa. CvenSi xSirad erTisa da imave sagnis Sesaxeb imdenad SeuTanxmebels da winaaRmdegs azrs gaigonebT, mere iseTs sagnebze, romelTa Sesaxeb morigebulni unda viyvneT, rom swored gasaocaria. magaliTad, adideT warsuli, aqeT ZvelTa gmiroba da saqveynoT aRiareT, rom Cvenni Zvelni SesaniSnavni iyvneno, da usaTuod gamovardeba vinma da dagvZaxebs, viTom Tqven adidebT yovels naklulevanebas warsulisas, samareSi iyurebiT da mermisisaTvis zurgi SegibrunebiaT; ra aris pativsacemi warsulSio, romels ers ar gamouCenia gmiroba, romels ar gamoucdia lxini da Wirio. piriqiT, Tu vinmem sTqva, rom Cveni warsuli SesaniSnavs arafers warmoadgens, imaSi arc erTi naTeli wertili ar moipovebao, maSin usaTuod vinme yelSi gecemaT da dagZaxebT, rogor Tu Cveni warsuli sruliad tial_oxeriao. Tu gabedeT da sTqviT, rom vaxtang mefis kanondeubleba didi naSTia Cvenis warsulisao, rom igi nayofia didis Sromisa da Wkuisa, ar SeiZleba vinmam ar gipasuxoT, rom igi kanondebuleba Seicavs mravals muxlebs, romelnic sruliad ar eTanxmebian kacTmoyvareobas da dawinaurebulis eris cxovrebasao da maSasadame, arc TviT kanondebuleba aris sayuradRebo da SesaniSnavio. gabedeT da sTqviT, rom esa da es mwerali didad SesaniSnavia, Tavisis nawerebiT didi samsaxuri gauwia samSoblo mwerlobasa da enasao da maSinve mogvardebian da SegZaxeben, rom Tqvena scdebiT da uRirs mwerals adidebTo sabuTad imas dagisaxeleben, rom am mweralma ama da am dros esa da es ugvano azri warmosTqva da Tanac esa da es saqcieli Caidinao. Tu gabedeT da sTqviT, rom CvenSi mwerloba didi Zalaa sazogadoebis warmatebisao, maSinve, Tqvenis azris miuxedavad, gaiZaxian, rom Cveni Cveni mwerloba sruliad uZluria, uferulia, ena garyvniliao da sxvani da amasTanave dagwameben, rom sakuTaris naklulevanebis aRmoCenas eridebiTo da ufrTxiTo. vinmem rom sTqvas, saWiroa vecadoT, Tavadaznaurobam sakuTari skolebi iqonioso, im wamsve mogvardebian da dagwameben, rom sakuTrad Tavadaznaurobis momxre xarT aristokratulis azrebiTa xarT gamsWvalulio da glexobas sruliad ar daeZebTo. Tu glexobaze izruneT, maSin dagwameben mtrobas Tavadaznaurobisadmi da sxva.

exla vikiTxoT, nuTu amgvari uTanxmoeba azrisa, erTmanerTis gaugebloba samwuxaro ar aris? gana yovelive ese SesaZlebeli iqneboda, CvenSi kri­tikuli azri rom muSaobdes? gana eg SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu rom Cven SeCveulni viyvneT samarTlians msjelobas da yovelsave saqmis rigianad dafa­sebas da awon_dawonvas?

cxadia, rom zemoTmoxsenebuli garemoeba xels uSlis yovel sazogado saqmis warmatebas, radganac yovelive usafuZvlo Setakeba azrisa moiTxovs gardametebuls laparaks, miTqma_moTqmas, romelic sruliad warmoudgenelia iq, sadac kritikuli azri muSaobs. ase da amrigad xSirad mravals sityvasa vxarjavT imisaTvis, raica sruliad ueWveli unda iyos. (tfilisi, 8 ianvari 1888)





ra mizezia rom kritika ara gvaqvs.



...Cven wina werilSi kritikis uqonlobis brali TviTon Cvens sakuTars uZlurebas da uRonobas mivawereT, da ai ra sabuTi migviZRvis. Cveni literatura saerTod da poezia calked jer xeluxlebeli ganZia. arc erTs ucxo qveynis mecniers, romelsac Cvens TvalSi saxeli da abru aqvs, misTvis jer xelic ar miukarebia, aravis am mxriT Tavisi azri ar gamouTqvams, Tavisi beWedi ar dausvams. maSasadame, Cvens literaturaze mza_mzareuls azrs ver amoikiTxavT verc wignebSi da verc gazeTebSi. am saganzed erTs sitvasac ver ipoviT versad. es garemoeba iZulebul hyofs yovels Cvengans, visac ki mouwadinia Cvenis literaturis kritika, Tavisi sakuTaris WkuiT, sakuTaris codniT, sakuTaris msjelobiT Seudges kritikis rTuls da mZime saqmesa, rom Tavisi sakuTari ganaCeni daadginos. Cveni ubedurebac swored am iZulebaSia. ras izamT? fexs ver gasZravT, Tu sakuTari tvinis Zafebi ar amoqmedeT, Tu sakuTari grZnoba da Wkua ar waimZRvareT, Tu sakuTari msjeloba ar iqonieT!.. Cveni egreT_wodebuli ~inteligencia~ metad sustia am TviT_moqmedebisaTvis. Cvenni ~swavlulni, ganaTlebulni~, darvinis Teorias zedmiwevniT gacodineben. hegelis estetikas, lesingisa da tenis filosofias xelovnebisas Tavisis xelisgulisaviT gadagiSlian; Seqspirzed, getezed, baironzed da Tundac homeroszedac, romelnic _ CvenSi ki iTqvas _ aTasSi erTs ar waukiTxavs, Tunda mTels uzarmazar wignebs dasweren, da iqneba iseTi saswaulic moxdes, rom wasakiTxad Rirsi wignebic dasweron, da erTs pawia leqss ki Cvenis romelisame poetisas ver gau-ZRvebian, rogorc rigia. nu gaikvirvebT, rom es asea. patara rom Caufiqrdes kaci am saocars ambavs, mizezs, male miuxvdeba.

Seqspiri, gete, baironi sxva mecnierTagan didi xania garCeulia mravlagvarad. amazed mravali uweriaT, mravali uTqvamT. maSasadame, maTzed aseTisa Tu iseTis azris Sedgena metismetad advilia da azris sabuTis povnac ar aris Zneli. aq yvelaferi, azric da sabuTic, mzad aris, Tqven oRond imodena Rone iqonieT, rom mohkriboT, erTi_erTmaneTs SeufardoT, SeuwonoT da yovelive Sekrebili, Sefardebuli da Sewonili erTs Znad SehkraT da ise miarTvaT mkiTxvelsa. ra Tqma unda, rom amasac Wkua, codna unda da mcireodeni xelovnebac, magram aq TviTmoqmedeba ufro xelisaa, Tu ese iTqmis, vidre im sulieris Zal_Ronisa, romelic TviTon hqmnis, TviTon sjis, TviTon swlavs, TviTon sWris da TviTon hkeravs. aq yvelaferi ujra_ujrad awyvia evropiis literaturis salaroSi mzamzareulad, oRond im salaroSi Sesvlis Rone moipoveT da, raki es geqnebaT, xelis gawvdenis meti ara aris_ra saWiro, rom ujra gamoswioT da, raca gsurT, is gamoiRoT.

sul sxvaa, Tu survili dageZraT Cvenis mwerlobis Tu mwerlebis sakritikod. aq yvelaferi sakuTaris WkuiT unda hzidoT da yvelafers sakuTaris gonebis muqi miayenoT. Tqvens gare aq veras ipovniT, veras iSoviT, aq sxva unaria saWiro, sxva gamWriaxoba, sxva ZalRone. SeiZleba kacs auarebeli codna da swavla hqondes da aq erTi fexic ver wadgas, Tu is ~sxva unaric~ ara hSvelis. is~sxva unari~ igia, rasac TviTmjelobas, TavisiT moqmedebas, TavisiT svlas eZaxian. ai, Cveni sisuste swored am TviTmsjelobis, TviT moqmedebis uqonlobaSia. Tu romelisame saganze Cveneburs ~inteligents~ sxvisis azri­saTvis yuri ar moukravs, Tu romelsame saganzed sxva ucxo enis wignebsa da gazeTebSi azri ar amoukiTxavs, is sagani imisaTvis yovlad bnelia da im sa­ganisaTvis igi yovlad munjia: veras ityvis, imitom, rom TviTmsjelobas, Tavisi gonebis gaZRolas igi Cveul ar aris. ramdeni sasacilo magaliTia TviTon Cvens literaturaSi, rom sazogado Teoriis gulmxurvale mqadagebels ver ecnos calke magaliTi amave Teoriisa da, rasac zogadad, TeoriiT amtkicebdes TavgamodebiT da mxurvalebiT, imas imave TavgamodebiT uarhyofdes calke magaliTSi. raTa? imitom, rom am calke magaliTs qveS ara hqonia warwerili, rom ama da ama moZRvrebisaao, da TviTonac moZRvars imodena TviTmsjeloba ara hqonia, rom Tavisave moZRvrebis erTi magaliTTagani saqmeSi ecno.

TviTmsjeloba, TviTmxedveloba gonebruli umaRlesi wertilia adamianis ganviTarebisa da warmatebisa. SesaZloa kacs mravali codna hqondes, da is unari ki, romelic TavisiT Wrasa da kervas moaswavebs gonebis saqmeSi, ar gaxsnodes, ar gaSlodes samoqmedod. amgvaris mSralis da uqmis kaci saxelovanma getem dagvixata Tavis ~faustSi~. faustSi rom gamoyvanilia vagneri, swored zedgamoWrili saxea imgvaris kacebisa, romelTac codna aqvT da sakuTaris Wkuis tarebis unari ki RmerTs, Tu beds, immaTvis ar miumadlebia. nu gagviwyrebian, Tu vityviT, rom Cvens inteligencias swored eg unari TviT-msjelobisa, TviTmxedvelobisa ara aqvs gaxsnili da gadaSlili. eg naklia mizezi, rom Cvens sakuTar saqmeSi, Cvens sakuTar avkargianobaSi veraferi gagvignia, Tavis da bolo erTmaneTzed ver gadagvibams. eg aris mizezi, rom Cven Cveni kritika ara gvaqvs araromelisame sagnisa sazogadod, da literaturisa sakuTrad. Cven imeds ara vkargavT, rom eg kritika Cvensc gveRirseba odesme, da magis movlena, viTa Svili TviTmsjelobisa, Cvenis sulier Zal Ronis aRmatebis da gandidebis niSani iqneba~. (1887 w. 8_9 Tebervali).



farda axdilia da, amiT, gezic micemuli. am fardis ukan aRmoCenili suraTis (romelic adreve ixateboda literaturulad da publicisturad: ~kacia_adamiani?~, ~aCrdili~, ~mgzavris werilebi~, ~ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT~ ~bednieri eri~, ~zogierTi ram~ da sxva...) cxovrebiseuli namdviloba arcerT adamianSi ar iwvevda da ar iwvevs eWvs. sarke gawmendilia da am gawmendil sarkeSi Caxedilma qarTulma sinamdvilem sruliad sxva saxe dainaxa, vidre TviTon warmoedgina aqamde. sakiTxi daisva Tu rogor da ra saSualebebiT SeiZleba am saxis gasworeba, gankurneba da gajansaReba. es ukve iyo dasawyisi kritikuli azrovnebisa da kritikuli meTodis dafuZnebisa.

~araferi dafaruli~ _ esaa kritikuli azrovnebis principi. araferi gauazrebeli da gauanalizebeli _ esaa kritikuli meTodis principi. ~araferi dafaruli~ _ es istoriuli TviTSegnebis salesi qvac aris; da am sales qvaze unda gailesos qarTuli politikuri cnobierebac; zustad ise, rogorc lesavda mas ilia WavWavaZe, romlis politikuri da socialuri realizmi misive erovnuli idealizmis srulfasi Sesatyvisi iyo.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs am mxriv ~Sinauri mimoxilvebi~, romelTa Sinaarsi aSkara gamoxatulebaa Tanamedrove erovnuli brZolis im strategiisa, romelic iliam SeimuSava da, romelic gaxdeba safuZveli mecxramete saukunis miwurulis da meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa, gamovlenilis avtonomistebis, federalistebis da separatistebis moZraobis saxiT. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom ilia naTlavs da uSvebs cxovrebaSi yovel erovnul moZraobas; saerTod yovel moZraobas, romelic qarTuli erovnuli meobis aRorZinebasa da dacvas emsaxureba: qarTvel studentTa pirveli ligis miswrafebidan moyolebuli, social_federalistTa da, Semdeg erovnul_demo-kratTa erovnuli strategia erTianad ilias SemuSavebuli Cans. metsac vityvi, vercerTi moZraoba, Tu koncefcia, romelsac ilias kurTxeva ar miuRia, ver Seasrulebs im amocanebs, romlebic saqarTvelosa da qarTvel ers gamoiyvans ~bneli yofierebis gvirabidan~ da daabrunebs kulturuli da civilizebuli ganviTarebis gzaze. es kurTxeva unda xdebodes ilias politikuri da socialuri brZolisa da aRmSeneblobis strategiis kritikuli analiziTa da masTan sakuTari strategiis SejerebiT. es sruliadac ar niSnavs ilias gafetiSebas, an misi naazrevis absolutur avtoritetad miCnevas. amgvari mimarTeba ilias zneobisa da azris Tavisuflebis Seuracxyofa iqneboda. iliasadmi Cemi amgvari damokidebulebis mizezi aris ilias azrovnebis specifikuri Tvisebebi, romlebic ilias integralur moazrovned warmogvidgenen da integraluri meTodis ~bunebriv~ Semqmnelad. iliasTan araTu yoveli Tema aris Semotanili, aramed am Temis damuSavebis integraluri gzacaa miTiTebuli. ~integraluri~ _ niSnavs yvela parametriT gazomvasa da kritikul gaanalizebas, da, amis safuZvelze, teqnologiuri da instrumentaluri aparatis Seqmnas. ilia ~ideologi~ ar aris, igi ~socialuri teqnologia~, namdvili ~socia­luri inJineri~. yovelive, rasac igi akeTebs da wers, mimarTulia socialuri manqanis nawil-nawil Seqmnisa da amuSavebisaken, arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, Tu politikuri, dawesebulebebis sazriani gadaxalisebisaken Tanamedrove mecnieruli codnis Sesatyvisad, da ara raRac abstraqtuli da totaluri modelis da samomavlo utopiuri miznis dasaxvasa da erTbamad ganxorcielebisaken[26]. am TvalsazrisiT ilia uaRresad Tanamedrove socialuri mecnieri da filosofosia, da ara social_ideologi totalisti, fatalisti, an utopisti ~socio­teqnikosi~.[27]

is, rasac fridrix haieki da karl popperi ~socialur inJinrobas~ da ~fragmentalur socioteqnikas~ uwodeben, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis ~konkretuli saqmis~ meTodad da strategiad gaiazreba. romc araferi vTqvaT piradad ilias mier ganxorcielebul am konkretul saqmeze, es strategia wiTel zolad gahyveba ilias Sinaur mimoxilvebs, romelTac konceftualuri (Teoriuli) ~socioteqnikuri~ Rirebuleba eZleva.

ai zogierTi amonaZerwi ilias ~Sinauri mimoxilvebidan~, romelTac integraluri nacionalizmis strategiisa da taqtikis TvalsazrisiT sadReiso mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba aqvT:


Sinauri mimoxilvebidan



~cxovreba calke adamianisa, Tu mTelis erisa, ufro wewva_glejis bazaria. dRes esa mowyobili da ras izam? cxovreba marto aReb_micemobaa erTmaneTis Wkuisa, Tu xelis nawvav_nadagisa, naamagar_naSromisa, naomar_ narbevisa. igi is moedania, saca WianWvelasaviT ireva didi da patara, saca maZRari mSiers wvrilad ufxvnis, gamarjvebuli damarcxebuls fex_qveSa sTelavs, Zlieri uZlurs etaneba SsaWmelad, uZluri Zliers gaurbis da orniv_ki _ damwevic da gamqcevic _ erTsa da imave dros erTsa da imave RmerTs exvewebian _ xeli momimarTeo.

jojoxeTi iqneboda es aseTi cxovreba, romelsac sxva mizani arsebobisa ara aqvs, Tu ar is, rom adamiani bednieri iyos, siamovnebas, lxenas da sixaruls ar iyos moklebuli, vambobT, jojoxeTi iqneboda, rom am wewva_glejis bazarSi sxivfenil madlsac ar gahqondes Tavisi patiosani naamagari, Tavisi naSrom_naRvawi kacTa sanugeSod da sasiqadulod. did_ bunebovnoba calke adamianisa, Tu mTelis erisa, mis_mier gatanil madlis met_naklebobaSia. eg met_nakleboba madlisa aris utyuari sawyao calke adamianis, Tu mTelis eris, kacur_kacobisa, misis Sinagan simagrisa, qvakuTxedi misis aRmatebulobisa. madli aris krebuli ima keTilTa, romelic Seadgens zneoburs ganZs, rogorc TviToeul adamianisas, ise mTelis erisas, da eg ganZia igi klde, romelzedac Sendeba cixe_simagre eris cxovrebisa, eris awmyosi, eris mermisisa.

adamiani, da nametnavad eri, ara marto ~puriTa erTiTa cocxal ars~. marTalia, mSieri dids manZils ver gaivlis am madlisa da borotis Widilis gzaze, magram umadlodac, rogorc xorci usulod, arafris maqnisia. cxovreba erTiani mdinarea oris didis totisa: erTs rom xorcisaTvis moaqvs sazrdo, meores _ sulisaTvis. Tu an erTi daSra, an meore, _ gvami erisa mkvdaria, viTarca usulod xorci da uxorcod suli, saaqaosTvis mainca. ami-tomac, vinca sCivis da hRaRadebs saxorcielo puri-saTvis, is imdenadve, Tu ar metad, unda iRwvodes sasuliero purisaTvisac. adamiani, Tu mTeli eri, imisaTvis ki ar aris gaCenili, rom puri sWamos, aramed pursa sWams imitom, rom kacur_kacad icxov-ros da acxovros Tavisi STamomavali.

~viT mama zecisa iyavn Senc sruli~ _ ai Tavi da bolo adamianis cxovrebisa. vis ra manZili gauvlia, calke adamiania Tu mTeli eri, am sisrulis gzaze, vin ramodenad win wamdgara, vis ramodenad aRfrTovanebuli aqvs sulTa_swrafva am gzaze dauRalavad siarulisaTvis, _ ai sawyao, rogorc calke adamianis Rirsebisa, ise mTelis erisa.

am TvaliT rom movCxrikoT warsuli weliwadi, bevrs verafers sanugeSos davinaxavT. es axali ambavi ar aris. am mxriT SarSandeli weliwadi bevrs winaT warsul weliwadebsa hgavs da verafers dagvamunaTebs. piriqiT, kargad rom movuCxrikoT avla_dideba, avi da kargi, iqneba SarSandeli weliwadi sxva wlebis winaSe ufro pirSavadac gamovides. arc sakvirvelia, wyaro cxovrebisa Tavisad da TvisgniT ara sCqefs, ara erTi da ori naxiri dRe_mudam Sig fexsa ibans da raT unda gvikvirdes, rom wyaro igi mRvriea. mbaZs mbaZi ar daelevao, naTqvamia, da Cvenc TiTonac Cvens sakuTars WuWyian sarecxs Sig valbobT didis gulmodginebiT da, modiT, wyaros mohkiTxeT, ratom wminda ara xaro.

amitomac SarSanac, rogorc wina_wlebSiac, igiv Suri da mtroba iyo gaafTrebuli. Zma Zmas veRara hndobia, mama Svilsa, Svili mamas, mezobeli me­zobels, maxlobeli maxlobels, megobari megobars _ gana es cxovrebaa da ara jojoxeTi!.. Cven exla ise gagvixda saqme, rom imas ki aRara vCiviT _ rac gvaklia, is SeviZinoT, aramed imas, rom ra nagavma da mtvermac aRgvavso, is gamovgaoT da SemovibertyoT. kidev erTis fexis win wadgma iqneboda, kidev RvTis wyaloba iqneboda, rom amis dardsa da zrunvas SevdgomodiT, cocxi agveRo xelSi am vai_vaglaxis gasagvelad. Cvenda saubedurod, verc es SevZeliT. maS riT unda vinugeSoT dRes, an saxvaliod ra imedi wavimZRvaroT xalisis mogvrisaTvis? TviToeuli Cvengani hkvnesis zne_dacemulobisagan, Cvenis zneobiTad wawymedisagan da imed_ gadawyvetili, sasoeba_dakarguli, vaebiT viZaxiT: RmerTo, sad mivdivarT da ra bolo mogveliso.

...qarTvels kacs, Cvenda saubedurod, saqme ise gauxda, rom ~kargi ram sWirdes, unda ukvirdes, avi_ki ra sakvirvelia~. am yofaSi Cavardnili eri, Tu mTeli Zal_Rone ar moikriba da am saflobidam ar amovida, fons veRar gava dRes. Cvens dRevandels Wirs fesvi aqa aqvs gamdgari, SiSi mermisisa aqedam mohqris. modiT da pirSi wyali CaiyeneT da nuras ityviT, aqao da axali weliwadiao! satkivari aras uzams kacs, Tu mizezi Taviss droze gaugo. Tvalebze xelis mifarebas Tavis_dReSi aravisTvis xeiri ar moutania. Wiri danaxuli sjobs dafarulsa, Tumca orive Wiria da arc erTi ar aris sanatreli...~ (1896 w. 4 ianvari)



asi weli gavida TiTqmis am striqonebis daweridan da TariRis gadmosmis garda ra aklia maT, rom dRevandel dRes naTqvamad ar waikiTxos kacma? maSasadame erT wertilSi vyofilvarT SeCerebuli, erT ganzomilebaSi ~daWerili~ istoriis mier, radgan istoria TavisiT ar iqmneba, mas adamianebi qmnian sakuTari ZalisxmeviT im sakeTebeli saqmis keTebiT, romelic istorias RirebulebiT avsebs da saerTo mex­sierebaSi avanebs. saqarTvelos istoriac arsebiTad am ZalisxmevaTa istoriaa, da es Zalisxmevebi rogorc fokusSi ise iyrian Tavs ilia WavWavaZis Sinaur mimoxilvebSi. fragmentaluri socioteqnikis pirveladi aspeqtebi jer calkeul saqmian nabijTa dafasebisa da mxardaWeris doneze ilias mZafr kritikas saTanado sirbiles aniWebs. gza socialuri Zalisxmevis Rirebulebs am dafasebiT ipovneba da ixsneba:

isev ~Sinauri mimoxilvebidan~:



~...CvenTvis am_Jamad saWiroa is ki ara, ra gakeTda, aramed is aris saWiro, gakeTebuli raman Sehqmna, ram gaakeTa da saidam warmosdga.

Sesdga jer Tavad_aznaurTa sazogadoeba Rarib moswavleTa SemweobisaTvis. am sazogadoebam 1879 w. gamarTa tfilisSi qarTuli Skola, sadac swavla deda_enis SemweobiT aris momarTuli da sadac oTxmocamde ymawvilni swavloben da amaTSi oc_da_Tormets, Tu cota met_naklebs, binaca aqvT aCenili. Sesdga sazogadoeba wera_kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli qarTvelTa Soris, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, rom sasoflo da pirveldawyebiTs SkolebSi swavla deda_ enis SemweobiT awarmoos. Tumca am sazogadoebas jer Tavi arafriT gamouCenia, magram tvirTi misi metad mZimea da sagani metad rTuli da amis gamo aq ~siwynare gmobili sjobs siCqaresa qebulsa~. am sazogadoebis rTulisa da mZime saqmis jerovans kvalSi Cayeneba egre advili ar aris, rom sam_oTxs TveSi Tavi gamoeCina. am sazogadoebas win didi manZili aqvs gasavleli. dids manZils kaci WenebiT ver gaivlis. dids manZils zomieri da mtkice nabiji unda. amiT Cven imisi Tqma ki ar gvinda, rom fexis aCqareba am sazogadeobisaTvis mavnebeli iyos yovel SemTxvevaSi. Tumca ar aris sasurveli es sazogadoeba ise auCqardes Tavis saqmes, rom zed waaklas arsebiTi sagani, magram arc is aris sanatreli, rom metismetma siwynarem obi mohkidos am dedaazrs, romliTac igi sazogadoeba unda suldgmulobdes. _ amave 1879 w. Sesdga qarTulis Teatris dasi, mere imisTana, rom ukeTesi natvra _ jer_xanad mainc _ metis_meti xarboba iqneba Cvenis mxriT.

Cven marto es sami magaliTi CamogiTvaleT ara imisaTvis, rom magis meti sanugeSo ar momxdariyos ra Cvens Soris am ukanasknel dros. magram es sami magaliTic sakmaoa misTvis, ris Tqmac gvinda. yovelive es, rac zemod gakvriT movixsenieT, miT aris RirsSesaniSnavi da Zvirfasi CvenTvis, rom qarTvelobis sakuTaris TaosnobiT, RvawliT, SewirulobiT da xeliT aSenda da damkvidrda... es weli SesaniSnavia, rogorc dro, roca Cvenma sakuTarma Taosnobam TiTqmis pirveli fexi aidga: roca Cvenma qarTvelobam pirvel xmamaRla sTqva: kmara, droa Cems Tavs movuaroo.

ram gamoafxizla qarTveloba? ram auRorZina TviTmoqmedebiTi Zali? amis aRsaxsnelad patara Soridam daviwyebT laparaksa, ufro imisaTvisa, rom Tu TvaliT ara, suniT mainc aviRoT, romeli cxovrebis ZarRvi gvaqvs Cawyvetili droTa brunvisagan.

Cveni ubedureba maSin daiwyo, roca Cveni qveyana dairRva da ganawilda sams samefod da xuTs samTavrod. am darRvevam aramc Tu marto erTobis kavSiri gaswyvita Cvenis samefoisa, aramed sazogadoebrivica. TviToeuli Cvengani erTmaneTs dagvaSora erTmaneTis gulis_tkivilisaTvis guli agvicrua, mogvikla. mas dRes aqeT gaiTxara Cvenis bednierebis samare, mas dRes aqeT TviToeuli dRe TiTqos rasme sikeTes xelidam gvaclida. es sazaro ubedureba sulsa da xorcSi da gvxrwnida Tavidam fexamde, igrZnes maSinve Cvenma mama_papebma da maTgan ukeTesebma Seakles Tavi Cvens qveyanasa, rom erToba xel_axlad CamoegdoT. bevrma saxelovanma mefem dalia amazed Tavisi sicocxle, bevrma Tavgamodebulma mamulis_Svilma daanTxia amisTvis sisxli, magram garedam mterma da SigniT ukeTurTa bzarvam da lalvam imodena jafa, sisxlis Rvra, Tavgawirva, _ amaod Cautares darRveulobiT dauZlurebuls qveyanasa da erTxel zurgSemoqceuls beds piri Cvenken veRar aqnevines. eg SeerTebis yovlad_mxsneli survili Tumca veRar ganaxorcieles, magram anderZad ki mainc SerCaT gulSi zogierTs ZvelTagan STomilsa. xolo Cveni ubedureba is iyo, rom mag ZvelTagan cotaniRa SegvrCen. droTa brunvam, sxva niavqaris qrolam, sustebs guli Seucvala da Cvens drosaTvis darCa im ZvelTagan Zalian mcire gundi, romelTac guli kidev ucemdaT qveynisaTvis. drom ise imZlavra imaTzedac, rom Cumad, xmamouRebliv unda mimjdariyvnen Tavis usixarulo Wer_qveS da iq eglovnaT, iq etirnaT Tavisis qveynis pirqve damxoba, mere ise, rom cremli Tvalzed aravis SeemCnia. gulSi hqondaT_meTqi is macxovari wyurvili SeerTebisa, magram drom iseTi Tavzari dasca, rom SiSobdnen aramc Tu emoqmednaT rame, aramed erTmaneTis naxvasac ki eridebodnen. egre eg ukeTesnic dahSordnen erTmaneTsa da dRe_da_dRe klebaSi Sediodnen. klebulobdnen imitom, rom is yovlad mxsneli survili marto imaT gulSi trialebda da SiSiT Tavi gareT ver gamoeyo, rom gavrcelebuliyo maT momdevarTa Soris da memkvidreobiT gadasuliyo momavalTa gulSi. am saxiT, is survili, cotad da bJutavda zogierTa gacalkevebuls gulSi, roca moedanzed gamovida sxva axali mozardi Taoba.

...marTalia, qarTuli Teatri, qarTuli Skola, werakiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba da sxva amgvari iseTi didi ram ar aris, rom Cveni far_xmali Zirs davsdoT, marto magaT SevaCerdeT da magazed meti ara vindomoT_ra. survili Cveni zRvaa da maggvaris kovziT eg zRva ar daileva. magram yovels amaSi CvenTvis Zvirfasi is aris, rom erTic, meorec, mesamec Cvenis sakuTaris TaosnobiT da RvawliT aris moyvanili da erTmaneTisaTvis saerTo gulis_ tkiviliT Semzadebuli.

es frTaSesxmuli sakuTari Taosnoba, es erTmaneTisaTvis gulis_ tkivili, es fexadgmuli TviTmo-qmedebiTi Zali, _ is nergia, romelmac unda amoxeT-qos yovelive, rac CvenTvis sanatrelia. es nergi dargulia CvenSi Cvenis ymawvil_kacobis xeliT _ warsulSi, da momavalis droebis moRvaweTa igi unda hrwyan Tavis mxurvale ofliTa. warsulma es uanderZa momavalsa, es lari gauba gzis saCveneblad...~ (1879 wlis 31 dekembris ~Sinauri mi­moxilva~).



ganmanaTleblur_kritikuli, realpolitikuri ~integraluri nacionalizmis~ strategia iTxovs sakuTari ~naWuWidan~ gasvlas da qveynis danaxvas da Cvenebas ~msoflio_istoriul~ konteqstSi, geopolitikur toposSi gacnobierebas misi yofierebisa. ilia WavWavaZe geopolitikuri xedvis pirvel monaxazsac iZleva da saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis evropuli civilizaciis geopolitikur interesTa sivrceSi moTavsebis SesaZleblobazec miuTiTebs. amave dros, gaTvaliswinebulia, da aq ilia WavWavaZis didi politikuri kultura Cans, rom kavkasia erTob ruseTs warmoadgenda da is, rac amierkavkasiaze (saqarTveloze) iTqmoda ar unda gavrcobiliyo mTlianad kavkasiaze, da cenzurisaTvis ar unda Seqmniliyo politikur provokaciaSi braldebis safuZvlad. amgvari politikuri TavdaWeriloba integraluri nacionalizmis ganmanaTlebluri da realpolitikuri aspeqtia:



~...es patara qveyana, romelsac amier_kavkasias eZaxian da sadac upiratesoba yovelisfriT qarTvelobas upyria, dges im qveyanad Seiqmna, romelSiac, berlinis xelSekrulebis Semdeg, gamoikvanZa didi kvanZi aRmosavleTis saqmisa... ruseTi da inglisi _ es ori dauZinebeli metoqe aziaSi mflobelobisaTvis _ aq, aziaSi daejaxebian erTmaneTs da bolos saqme iqamdis miva, rom mag saqmis kvanZi aq una gaixsnas. riT gaixsneba es kvanZi, xmliT gahkveTen, Tu sacivilizacio RonisZiebiTa, _ amisi gadawyvetilad Tqma Znelia winaTve. amas ki vityviT, rom pirveli niSnebi inglisis mxriT sacivilizacio RonisZiebis xmarebas moaswavebs... Cven aq gvindoda, rogorc litons mematianes, SegveniSna, rom azia saerTod da Cven TviTon sakuTriv varT saWironi aramc Tu venis TavisaTvis mxolod, aramed sxvisaTvisac. Tumca bevri ram Seicvala qveynierobazed am xuTas_eqvsas weliwadSi, magram es miwis_yeli, romelsac kavkasias eZaxian, romelic aziisa da evropis karad yofils uwin da romlis dapyrobisaTvis bevri sxvadasxva xalxis sisxli daRvrila, mainc isev kargad darCa da xalxTa Soris SuRlisa da cilebis mizezad iqneba kidec.

berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi did sikeTe SegvZina da am mxriT SarSandeli weliwadi CvenTvis friad Rirs_saxsovaria; Cveni Zmebi, Cveni sisxlorci, CvenTan erTad mebrZoli ~Savis bedisa~, Cvenis gmirebis bude, Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebis da swavlis akvani, Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, _ dRes Cven SemogvierTda, da Tu kargad moeqcevian _ vis xelTac aw imaTi bedia, CvenTan iqneba kidec samudamod...

exla Cven erTi didi da udidesi movaleoba gvawevs: Zmebs Zmurad unda davxvdeT da yoveliferSi unda imaTTvis vizrunoT, _ rogorc CvenTvis, imaTTvisac Tavi gamovidoT, rogorc CvenTvis. Tu WirSi vuZmeT, WirSi miveSveleniT, _ Cveni erTmaneTis daurRvevelis kavSiris gabmac ueWvelia. es ismineT da gaigeviT, qarTvelobav! ra gagvixsnis gzas mag kavSiris gabmisaTvis? akaki wereTelma sTqva da Cvenc vityviT, rom amisaTvis erTi uebari saxsaria: swav­la, codna da mecniereba. ai wamwymedeli yovelis uTanxmoebisa, damadginebeli yovelis erTobisa, amamRlebeli adamianisa! ai WirTa amxdeli saxsari, keTildReobis momfeni RonisZieba! swavla, codna, mecniereba _ Ronea imisTana, romelsac dRes win veRaraferi ver udgeba: verc muSti, verc xmali, verc jarTa simravle. codna uZleveli faria arsebobisaTvis, basri xmalia mogerebisaTvis. Tu magaSi fexi gavidgiT, Tu magaSi win wavdeqiT, Cveni exla dauZlu­rebuli Rone amoxeTqs magar fesvebs....

saqme imaSia exla, ra gziT da rogor?...~ (1879 wlis ianvari)



is, rasac me ilia WavWavaZis integraluri nacionalizmis ~socialur da politikur teqnologias~ vuwodeb, aucileblobiT moiTxovs imis gacnobierebas, rom ilias dros, saqarTvelo, rogorc politikuri erTeuli, saxelmwifo, ar arsebobda. saqarTvelo iyo ruseTi! aqedan gamomdinare yvela socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli SedegiT. amitomac ruseTis analizi da ruseTis mimarT Tavisi ~kon­kretuli saqmis~ Tvalsazrisis miyeneba ilias strategiis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba, radgan is, rac ruseTze, rogorc saxelmwifoze kritikulad iTqmis, igive kritikuli mzeriT, da ufro mZafradac unda iTqvas saqarTvelos (da nebismieri saxelmwifos, an momavali saxelmwifos) mimarTac:



~ruseTi erTi imisTana saxelmwifoa, saca sxvadasxva tomisa da enis erni scxovroben, da mere ise _ rom TavianT mama papeul miwebzed arian Sejguebulni da ara Siga_da_Sig gafantulni. amitomac, erTs udidess sagans ruseTisas Seadgens jer is, rom sxva tomis erni rogor unda moewyon SinaobaSi saTiTood, da mere _ rogor unda moTavsdnen saxelmwifosTan. didi xania mosalodneli iyo yvela Tvalaxilul kacisaTvis, rom dResa Tu xvale es friad rTuli da mZime sagani mTelis Tavisis sigrZiT da siganiT win aeyudeboda ruseTs da misda gadauwyvetlad misi winsvla Seferxdeboda. yvelas unda winaswar scodnoda, rom dResa Tu xvale es sagani Tavisas moiTxovda; rom dResa Tu xvale ruseTi iZulebuli Seiqmneboda daeniSna sazRvari saxelmwifo moqmedebisa sazogadod da erovnebisa calked da erTisa da meoris moedani cal_calke Semoefargla. amas moiTxovda aramc Tu istoriuli mdinareoba samarTlianis azrisa, aramc Tu Sormxedveloba damjdaris Wkuisa, aramed TiTon saxelmwifos pirdapiri interesica. Tu ram samduravi, gulis_tkenis xma, Civili ismoda awmyo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb am vrcelis imperiis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amisi mizezi marto is iyo, rom mTeli moedani sazogadoebis cxovrebisa marto saxelmwifos eWira, da erovnoba, romelsac Tavis gansakuTrebuls cxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari saqme aqvs, Tavisi sakuTari Wiri da lxini, gul_xel_ dakrefili iyo da xmaamouRebliv sxvis mayurebeli. ruseTs ara hqonda da arc dReis_aqamomde aqvs gamokvleuli da dadgenili dedaazri maszed, Tu sad Tavdeba ufleba erovnobisa da sad iwyeba saxelmwifosi.

moxeleoba, romelic xSirad moklebulia aramc Tu sazogado dedaazrebs, aramed umecaria imisic, rac xSirad fiqrad, Tu sagnad aqvs umRless mTavrobasa, _ am udidess sagans ise eqceoda, rogorc misi qeifi iyo. egona, rom erovnobis devna da Cagvra Tavi da boloa saxelmwifod momqmedis kacisa, saWiroa saxelmwifos warmatebisaTvis da TiTon umaRlesi mTavrobac amisi msurveli da mcdelia. am mxriT aravis iseTi vneba ar moutania ruseTisaTvis, rogorc Tavis qeifzed moarulT moxeleebsa: orgulobas Svrebodnen da erTgulobad ki miaCndaT da imaTi kadniereba iqamdis midioda, rom mTavrobas munaTsa sdebdnen. maTis moqmedebis Sedegi is iyo, rom ruseTis saxeli SeaZules maT, vis saerTo siyvarulzedac unda agebuliyo saxelmwifos Zal_Rone, keTildReoba da warmateba.

radgan arsebiTi niSani erovnobisa, misi guli da suli _ enaa, amitomac tlanqi xeli umecaris moxeleobisa yvelazed uwinares enas miswvda. Tu romelsame moxelis xels am SemTxvevaSi azri ram amoqmedebda, eg is azri iyo, rom saxelmwifos erTianoba SeuZlebelia iq, saca yvelani erTsa da imave saxelmwifo enaze ar laparakobeno. ugunureba am azrisa cxadia. iyo dro, roca rjulis, sarwmunoebis sxvadasxvaobasac amasave swamobdnen. iyo dro, roca fiqrobdnen, rom iq, saca erTisa da imave saxelmwifos erni sxvadasxva wesiT adidebdnen RmerTsa, erToba saxelmwifosi ver ixeirebso da dairRvevao. reformaciam daamtkica, rom eg azri marto umecrebis nayofia; daamtkica, rom erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi Zalian kargad moTavsdeba sxvadasxvaoba sarwmunoebisa da erTobis kavSirs saZirkvelidam erTs qvasac ver gamoaclis. mova dro, da gvgonia _ didis xnis lodinic ar mogvindes, rom enis Sesaxebac imas ityvian, rasac exla rjulis Sesaxeb brmanica da Tvalxilulnic amboben erTxmad. mova dro, roca umecarni da Zalad_macxone moxeleebic ki dainaxaven, rom Cexs SeuZlian Tavisi skola, Tavisi Sinauri saqmeebi Tavisis deda_enis SemweobiT moawyos da avstriis imperiis erToba amiTi aramc Tu Seiryes, ufro gaZlierdes da ganmtkicdes...

am saxiT, erovnobis saqme ruseTSi exla morig sagnad gaxda, romelsac ruseTis dawinaurebuli sazogadoeba, Tavisis mwerlebisa da moRvaweebis SemweobiT, win uyenebs mTavrobasa ganaCenis dasadgenad erovnobis sasargeblod. Tumca jer marto enis Taobazed aris laparaki da sxva mxares erovnobis saqmisa bejiTad ar wasWidebian, magram enis Sesaxebac vxedavT, rom ruseTis azrma erovnobis saqmeSi erTis bijiT kidev win waidga fexi. winaT uflebis aRdgenas marto skolis saqmeSi Txoulobdnen, da exla eg azri imodenad ganviTarda da gaivso, rom eris Sinaur saqmeTa warmoebasa da gamgeobaSiac iTxoven.

aq sakvirveli is ki ar aris, rom erovnobis saqmem egre samarTlianad fexi moikida da momxreoba misi gavrcelda ruseTis dawinaurebul sazogadoebaSi. es dResa Tu xval ganaTlebas usaTuod unda moexdina. amisaTvis marto xani da dro iyo saWiro, rom Wkua_goneba gazrdiliyo, asakSi Sesuliyo. Cven marto is gvikvirs, rom igi wre ruseTis sazogadoebisa, romelsac swavla_ganaTlebis mimdinareobaSi ganaTlebis lampari da winamZRvroba xelT upyria, swored is wre yvelazed metad da xangrZliv eurCeboda da dResac eurCeba mas, rac ganaTlebas egre aucileblad dResa Tu xval unda zed mohyol;oda. es ise cxadad da TvalsaCinod arsad ar aRmoCenila, rogorc ruseTis imperiis ganapirebul adgilebSi, saca enis Taobazed skolis saqmeSi wajeq_ukujeqis TamaSoba gamarTes swavla_ganaTlebis moxeleebma. didxans iTamaSeben kidev amisTana sasacilos TamaSs Tu ara, eg jer RmerTma icis. (1881 weli, marti).

~...netarxsenebuli imperatori aleqsandre meore avida taxtzed Tu ara, axalma siom daubera ruseTs. im dromde TvaldaxuWvilma da enadabmulma ruseTma Tvali aixila, ena amoidga.

...axlad Tvalaxilulma ruseTma, raRa Tqma unda, jer Tavis_Tavzed daixeda, gaiCxrika Tavisi yofa_cxovrebis Tirkmelebi, Signeuloba. naxa rom zogierTi macxovrebeli ZarRvi Caswydomia, Cirqi Casdgomia da Sehgubebia. Seudga mizezTa gamoZiebas: ram imoqmeda aseo? naxa, rom misis sneulebis saTave _ TiTon cxovrebis wyobaa da agebuleba, erTxel da erTxel SemoRebuli da gauaxleblad damkvidrebuli. uarhyo igi wyoba. uarhyo yovelive, rac ki im wyobas Seswevda da xels umarTavda. am arsebulis uaryofam wamoiwia im wridam, romelsac gonebiT mcxovrebs sazogadoebas eZaxian, romelic yovelgan da yovelTvis nugeSia da imedi yovelis erisa, da romelic cxovrebis warmatebis uRlis TavSi pirveli Cadgeba xolme...

azrTa moZraobaSi, rogorc yvelferSi qveyanazed, erTi meores adgils ar uTmobs uomrad, ubrZolvelad. aqac ase moxda. cxadic aris, ratom, arse­buli, Zveli, ise ar gacuddeba, rom visime gamosayeni ar iyos. es erTi. meore isa, rom bevri imisTana modunebuli da Selaxuli kacia qveyanazed, romelic ise SeeCveva xolme Wirsa, rom SeCveuli Wiri SeuCvevels lxins urCevnia. mesame da yvelazed ufro fesv_magari kidev is aris, rom yvelas arsebuls, yo­vels Zvels Tavisi adgili ukve daupyria adamianis cxovrebaSi, umravlesobisagan aRiarebulia, nebiT Tu uneblieT gul_Sejerebulia da JamTa xnierobiT beWeddakruli da damtkicebuli. am samTa mizezTa gamo Zvels, arsebuls, momxre ar daeleva. TiTon axalic, romelic Zvelis adgilas unda Camosdges, dabadebisave umal ise ar momwifdeba, rom pirSi Cadebis meti sxva aRara undodes_ra. rogorc Zvelis obi, ise axalis kvirti _ Zneli dasanaxavia. amisaTvis metad saRi, gamWre Tvali unda gonebisa...

...yovelgan, saca ki istoriis Rirsi eri TavisiTa scxovrebs, ornairi wyobaa azrisa da eg ornairi wyoba azrisa Seadgens cxovrebis mdinareobasa. erTi is wyobaa, romelic cxovrebas ukve aRmouCenia, daudgenia da dRes moqmedebs, meore is _ rasac dRevandeli dRe Txoulobs da saWiroebs...

...WeSmariti konservatoroba esarCleba da icavs marto imisTana Zvels, romelic, misis gulwfrelis azriT, jer kidev gamosadegia da saWiro cxovrebisaTvis, da Tu xandisxan scodavs raSime qveyanas, marto imaSi, rom zogjer imisTana Zvelsac gadefareba, romelic Tumca gamosadegi aRar aris, magram uvnebelia, da Zvelis adgils ar uTmobs axalsa _ minam kargad guls ar daajerebs, rom axali keTils moitans. WeSmariti liberalobac uarhyofs marto imisTana Zvels, romelic Tavisi dro da Jami mouWamia, romelic dRes xarixad gasdebia cxovrebas da winsvlas uSlis. igi ndomobs im Zvelis magier imisTana axals, romelic Zvelzed ukeT xels moumarTavs cxovrebis gankargebasa da warmatebas. saca bralmdebelia, iq mfarvelic unda iyos. marto am orkecad gasinjul saqmes mosdevs marTali da WeSmariti. kacobriobas dRes_aqamomde sxva gza ar aRmouCenia WeSmaritis da marTlis mosapoveblad...

ruseTSi sul sxvasa vxedavT. aq ~mamebma~ ise gaiwies, rom yvelafers Zvels gamoesarClen avisa da kargis gaurCevlad da yvelafers axals dauwyes Zageba da devna; gaqiri hqmnes amazed da win fexi veRar gadmoabijes. amisi magaliTi ~Russkij Vestnik~_ia da ~Moskovskie Vedemosti~, eg ori upirvelesi falavani ~mamebisa~. jer guSin RaRadebda ~Moskovskie Vedomosti~: damnaSaveebs raRa gasamarTleba undao, aiReT da CamoarCveTo, da sasacilod igdebda exlandel gansamarTlebis wess, romlis SemoRebisaTvis gansvenebuli imperatori madlobiT moixsenieba istoriaSi. arc erTi konservatori evropisa ar ikadrebda magas da egre usircxvilod ar Seexeboda mag dids da axals dawyobilebas, romelsac axals gansamarTlebis wess eZaxian. Tu guSin amas kadrulobdnen ruseTis ~mamebi~, raRa unda vsTqvaT maszed, rac am ocis wlis winaT iqmneboda maTis wyalobiT.

egreTma wyal_gaRma gabijebam ~mamebisa~_m, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, gaqirma, _ gaigulisa ~Svilebi~. aman gaaficxa, gaamwavava da gaakapasa ~mamebisa da Svilebs~ Soris brZola da ~Svilebis~ banaki iqamdis miiyvana, rom uarayofina aramc Tu marto is, rac Rirsi iyo uaryofisa, aramed zogierTi imisTanac, romlis uaryofisaTvis wamowiTldeba sircxvil_moreuli exlandeli WeSmariti liberali ruseTisa.

...am gadaWarbebulma uaryofama iqamde miuSva sadave, rom uarhyo TviT puSkinis moRvaweobaca da mTels Seqspirs erTi kai sigara amjobina. am mimzid­velma, lamazad moubarma, magram xelsubuqma axalgazrda mweralma bevri mozardi ymawvili CaiTria da brmad aiyolia. pisarevis mimzidvels Zalas verc Cveneburebi gadaurCnen.

es CaTreva, rasakvirvelia, mxolod pisarevis mimzidvelobiT ar aixsneba. aq ymawvilis gonebis gasataceblad uarmyofelis mimarTulebis siTamame da gabedulebac iyo. ymawvilis gonebas ise ara miizidavs_ra, rogorc siTamame, gabeduloba. siTamames, gabedulobas, bevri brwyinvale mxare aqvs da raT unda gvikvirdes, rom ymawvilma mas miatanos, rac brwyinavs. patara bavSi maSinve xels gauwvdis xolme sanTlis alsa. Cven vambobT marto im ymawvil_ kacobazed, romelTac jer gonebis Tvali ar uWridaT, rom mag mimarTulebis arsebiTi ZarRvi epovnaT. arc imis Tqma gvinda, rom uarmyofels mimarTulebas kargi ara moutania_ra. bulbuliviT uazro galobas poeziisas kriWa aukra da mada waar-Tva, avtoritetebzed brmad dandoba saiqios gaistum-ra, istorias, didkacebis cuRlutobis magier, sagnad eris yofa_cxovreba misca, yma adamianad aRiara da ganaTavisufla.

Cven imas vambobT, rom bolos_da_bolos, ufro pisarevis wyalobiT, bevri ram mag mimarTulebaSi iseTi iyo, rom CalasaviT tkaca_tkuciT apil­pilda da goneba_gauxsneli ymawvil_kacoba waityua, rogorc farvana cecxlma. meore nawilma ymawvil_kacobisam ki, ufro gonebagaxsnilma, srulad SeiTvisa yovelive keTili mag mimarTulebisa da zurgi Seuqcia tyuilubralod frazebis tkaca_ tkucsa.

ase Tu ise pisarevis uaryofa did modad Semovida brmaTaTvis. visac advilad da moumzadeblad kusaviT fexis gamoyofa undoda qveyanazed, eg moda unda mieRo. amisaTvis oriode fraza iyo saWiro. erTi is, rom poezia, da erTob xelovneba, ra Wkviani kacis saqmea, erTi wyvili waRa Seqspirs mirCevniao; meore _ avtoritetebi ara mwamso; mesame _ istoria zRapariao; da meoTxe _ qveyanazed marto glexkacia adamiani da Tavadi da aznauri ki arao. es frazebi rom dageswavlaT, liberali iyaviT da liberali. ai swored am_gvar liberalobaSi Cacvindnen Cveneburis ymawvil_kacobis bevri wili. dResac, aba daakvirdiT Cveneburs Sin_gamomcxvars liberalebs, Tu marto am uTavbolo frazebiT ar ikvebebodnen da qveynis sasacilod TavianT Tavs liberalebad da radikalebad ara xadoden. aba daakvirdiT, Tu yvelgan, saca ginda da ar ginda, sul eg frazebi ar wamosCxiron, ferad_ferads ZonZebSi gaxveulebi...

...magram Cvenis ymawvil_kacobis sasaxelod esec unda vsTqvaT, rom maTganma TiTo_orolam gamoinapira da Tavisi Secdoma male icno, gamovida da calke gundad dadga cxovrebis moedanzed. mas aqeT CvenSiac ymawvil_kacoba or banakad gaiyo: erTSi moeqcnen isini, visac ruseTis uarmyofelis mimarTulebidam oTx zemoxsenebul frazebs garda ara gamoetanaT ra, meoreSi _ axalis gundis momxreni. pirvelebma daixvies xelzed ruseTis ~mama_Sviloba~, enazed daikeres zemoTmoyvanili oTxi fraza da dRes_aqamomde awiowos iZaxian da iolad midian. meoreebi ki daakvirdnen Cveni qveynis viTarebasa da naxes, rom Cven qveyanas sul sxva tkivili aqvs, sul sxva faTeraki sdevs. scnes, rom Cveneburi dRevandeli dRe sul sxvasa Txoulobs, sul sxvasa hRaRadebs da maSasadame, Cveneburi liberaloba sul sxva rasmezed unda miiqces mTelis Tavisis Zal_ RoniTa. da Tu aqac bedis weras ise ar gadavrCebodiT, rom ~mama_Sviloba~ ar gamarTuliyo, brZolis sagnad is ~sxva rame~ unda yofiliyo da ~mamebsa da Svilebs~ Sua mijnad dadebuliyo. is ~sxva rame~ iyo _ Cvenis dacemulis vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva yovelis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan. rom eg faTeraki mosalodneli iyo da dResac Tavidam ar agvcdenia, _ yvelasaTvis cxadzed cxadia.

im axalma gundma mTeli Tavisi Rone mag sagans mihmarTa. mag axalma mimarTulebam daipyra mTeli Cveni Raribi literatura. ~saqarTvelos moambe~, ~mnaTobi~, ~droeba~ da bolos ~iveria~ sul mag mimarTulebis buksa da naRarasa scemden. saukeTeso warmomadgenelni Cvenis poeziisa sul magas gvamxeldnen, magas gvigalobdnen dRes_aqamomde. marTalia, Cvenis ~vinaobis~ aRsadgenad mag axals gunds bevri ara uqmnia ra, radganac imisaTvis saWiro mecnierebaSi da codnaSi karga qveiTobdnen. magram isic didi saqmea, rom mag mimarTulebas miagnes da Cvens cxovrebaSi cotad Tu bevrad fexi moakidebines. isic didi ambavi iqneba, Tu am gundma am saganzed moaxeda Cveni almacerad mayurebeli Tvali da rac Zal_ Ronea, sul mag saqmes zed moaxvia da SesWida. rac ver hqmnes amaT, iqmonen sxvani, oRond am mimarTulebam Tavi daiWiros Cvens cxovrebaSi, Rrmad gaikeTos Ziri da imoqmedos, vidre saWiroeba moiTxovs.

...eg mimarTuleba iqneba axali im dromde, minam Cveni vinaoba Tavis Sesafers da kuTvnils adgils ar daiWers Cvens cxovrebaSi da sazogado saqmeTa saTaveSi ar moeqceva. sxva sagani amazed umZimesi, amazed usaWiroesi ara aqvs exlandel saqarTvelos Svils. yvelam, visac ram SeuZlian, am mimarTulebis qveS unda moiyaros Tavi da erTad Zmurad imoqmedos. yovelive saqme, yovelive sagani, rac Cvenis cxovrebis mimavlobaSi TavisiT Tu sxvisiT aRmoCndeba, sul yovelisferi Cvens vinaobis saqmes unda SevurCioT, qveS davuyenoT. skolaa, bankia, Tu Teatri, yvelafers sul magisaken unda mivubrunoT Tavi. vayenebT sadme kacs marSlad, Tu bankis gamgebelad, Tu maswavleblad, Tu radme sxvad, _ mag mimarTulebis sasworzed unda avwonoT. ai WeSmaritis liberalis saqme ra aris CvenSi. Cveneburi retrogradi is unda iyos, vinc am Cvenis dRevandelis dRis mRaRadebels xmas ar gaugonebs, yurs mouyruebs da ar ahyveba. gindaT ~mama~ daarqviT amisTana kacs, gindaT ~Svili~, aq saxelwodeba arafers SuaSia, oRond es ki vicodeT, rom magisTana kaci Cveni kaci ar aris.

...ai sagani da ai gzac misda misaRwevad. ai risTvis unda momzaddes Cveni ymawvil_kacoba, mTelis evropis mecnierebiT da gamocdilebis far_xmaliT SeWurvili, ai ra moedani unda Semoixazos Tavisis moqmedebisaTvis da ra gza unda amoirCios. amisTvis samyofi ar aris kacma daiswavlos parizis yavaxanaSi moaruli frazebi da imiTi Tavi moitanos. ymawvil_kacoba unda momzaddes bejiTis da zedmiwevnil codniTa, unda, ramdenadac SesaZloa, Zireulad Seiswavlos evropiuli mecniereba, win gaimZRvaros evropis gamocdileba, da am Tof_iaraRiT Seudges Cvenis qveynis saqmes. uamisod, im moedanzed, romelic Cven zemoT vigulisxmeT, kaci erT bijsac rigianad da samkvidrod ver wasdgams, da im sagans da gzas, romelic Cven aRvniSneT, verafers sabolood ver daaCvens. Cvenis mxriT, amazed ukeTess sagans, amazed ukeTess gzas, ukve sxvagan gamocdils da gamoyenebuls, sxvas veRar vuCvenebT Cvens saimedo ymawvil_kacobas. es sagani da es gza saxeSi unda gvqondes sul mudam, vidre eseTni droni mefoben. ~jer macocxleo, mere mafiqrebine, rogor gavmdidrdeo~, _ ambobs erTi slaviani patrioti. namdvilad gulSematkivarma saqarTvelos Svilma es sityvebi unda daiweros gulis_ficarzed da sxvazed araferzed ar waityuos Wkua da xeli.

...sxva sawyao tyuilia da amao: sxvis baZi iqneba da ara Cvenis Tavis saWiroebazed gamoWrili...~ (1881 weli, maisi....)



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yvela Tema Semotanilia, yvela sakiTxi dasmuli, da sakeTebeli saqme miTiTebuli. erTi sityvac ar aris Tqmuli ~damoukidebel saqarTveloze~, ~bednier momavalze~ an ~momaval srulyofil sazogadoebaze~..., radgan Tu raime sakeTebeli da gansaxorcielebeli unda iyos, igi am formulebSi ver moTavsdeba, radgan mxolod konkretuli sakeTebeli saqmiT ganisazRvreba pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi (an erovnuli) yofiereba, rogorc sazogadoebis yoveli wevris erToblivi Zalisxmeva, Zvelis kritikuli analizi (~gamoCxrikva~!) da axlis dRevandeli saWiroebis mixedviT awyoba da gawyoba (socioteqnika da socialuri inJinroba). esaa erovnuli konkretuli saqmis RerZi, Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba mxolod am formiT SeiZleba iqnas mopovebuli da arsebobdes.

ilia WavWavaZis publicistikis gansakuTrebuloba ~konkretuli saqmis~ an Tanamedrove terminebSi ~fragmentaluri socioteqnikis~ ~ganmanaTleblur-kritikul nacionalizmTan~ integrirebaSia. igi did mniSvnelobas iZens dRes da meoce saukunis evropuli ~liberaluri da demokratiuli~ nacionalizmis kerZo movlenas warmoadgens.[28] ilia WavWavaZis meoxebiT SegviZlia Cven davasabuTod, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli socialuri da politikuri azri evropuli civilizaciis mTavari nakadis bunebrivi Senakadia da rom evropis sazRvrebi bunebrivad moicavs saqarTvelos, romelic, evropidan jer TurqeTis kedliT Camocilebuli, Semdeg ki ruseTis imperiaSi Caketili, TandaTan TviTrRvevas ganicdida (da ganicdis dResac). es TviTrRvrva ilia WavWavaZisa da mis momdevno Taobis ~ganmanaTlebel-kritikos nacionalistTa~ udidesi ZalisxmeviT iqna SeCerebuli meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis. magram revoluciurma warRvnam konkretuli saqmis Zalisxmeva waleka da Tan gadaiyola ~gons mosuli~ ruseTi da masTan erTad saqarTveloc. socialisturi da komunisturi totalitarizmis bnel gvirabSi saqarTvelo ukve revoluciurad ~dezorganizebuli~ aRmoCnda da am dezorganizebis mowesrigebis totalitarulma socioteqnikam TiTqmis ararobamde daiyvana es naxevarsaukunovani Zalisxmeva. TaobaTa cvla katastrofuli aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis, radgan qarTul sinamdvileSi realuri socialuri sayrdenebi (Zalebi) sruliad moSlili aRmoCnda. axalma revoluciurma talRam imis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gadaiara, romelic ilia WavWavaZis konkretuli saqmis socioteqnikiTa da ganmanaTlebluri nacionalizmiT iyo miTiTebuli. es rom ara, dRes saqarTveloca da, albaT, kavkasiac evropuli civilizaciis erTi gansakuTrebuli kuTxe (saxli) iqneboda...

evropulad ganswavlul erovnul moRvaweebs erTaderTi sasicocxlo mizani amoZravebdaT _ aRdgeniliyo ara mxolod qarTuli meoba da istoriuli Rirseba, ara mxolod politikuri saxe saqarTvelosi, misi damoukidebloba, aramed kvlav aRdgeniliyo gawyvetili kavSiri evropasTan, romlis nawiladac saqarTvelo da qarTveli eri yovelTvis ganixilavda Tavis Tavs. im geopolitikur viTarebaSi, romelSic evropidan mowyvetili da ganmxoloebuli qarTuli qristianuli civilizacia da misi matarebeli xalxi, daqveiTebuli da degradaciis gzazed Semdgari saqarTvelo moeqca bizantiis dacemis Semdeg[29], qarTuli ganmanaTlebluri nacionalizmi _ rogorc evropisaken karis gaxsnis realpolitikuri strategia da konkretuli saqmis socioteqnika _ unda gamxdariyo sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli Zalisxmevis is kvanZi, romelic zneobrivi imperativis rols Seasrulebda.

saqarTvelo ruseTSi da ruseTad arsebobda, amitom saWiro iyo ruseTisve maqsimaluri gamoyeneba. ruseTi unda qceuliyo (da kidec iqca ~bunebrivad~, radgan saqarTvelo mis SigniT imyofeboda) evropisa da Tanamedroveobisaken gadebul xidad. am xidze unda gamoevlo imas, rasac saWiroebda saqarTvelo _ ganaTlebas. ilia WavWavaZes arsad da arasodes ar uTqvams, Tu dauweria, rom saqarTvelo unda gaivsos evropuli ~saqonliT~. rogorc materialuri azriT, aseve institucionaluriT. erTaderTi, rasac igi iTxovda, es iyo ganaTleba anu im konkretuli saqmis keTebis, warmoebis xelovnebis, teqnes[30] aTviseba, romelic ase ganasxvavebda evropas ruseTsa da saqarTvelosagan. danarCeni yovelive sakuTari xeliT iyo gasakeTebeli. swored am azriT, da am mimarTebiT, iyo ruseTi saWiro Seqmnil viTarebaSi: misi meSveo­biT saqarTvelo Tumc mZimed, rusuli urmis WrialiT, ubrundeboda Tavis bunebriv wiaRs _ evropul civilizacias, radgan TviTon ruseTic, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi ganaTlebuli nawili am gzas adga. miTumetes mecxramete saukunis dasasrulsa da meoces dasawyisSi. da aq rom SevCerdeT, da sxva araferi davinaxoT, madlobis meti ara iTqmis ra ruseTis mimarT. magram es sinamdvilis mxolod erTi da isic SesaZleblobis aspeqtiT warmoCenili viTareba iyo. sakuTriv ruseTis geopolitikuri da eTno_socialuri xasiaTi da interesebi namdvilad ar gulisxmobda saqarTvelos, rogorc TavisTavadi da damoukidebeli, ~avtonomiuri~ erTeulis ~gaSvebas~ evropisaken. saqarTvelo rusul xidze ruseTad, xolo qarTveli _ rusad unda gasuliyo. rusifikaciis masazrdoebeli idea es iyo. aqaTken iyo mimarTuli kulturuli rusifikaciac, daformulebuli saxiT am ~kulturuli rusifikaciis~ taqtika gamoxata mTavarmmarTebelma voroncovma, romelic xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi sawyisi ganaTlebis, Teatris da sxva kulturuli saqmis dafuZnebas, radgan ~provinciel qarTvelebs kulturis mada gaeRviZebaT da ruseTs iqiT gasasvleli ar eqnebaT, rac bunebrivad gamoiwvevs maT garusebas~. es safrTxe sruliad realuri iyo da igi kargad igrZno ilia WavWavaZemac da vaJa fSavelamac, romlebmac ruseTSi bolomde swavlas isev saqarTveloSi dabruneba arCies.[31] am garusebis winaaRmdeg farad iqca ~ganmanaTleblur_kritikuli nacionalizmi~ anu erovnuli saqmis strategia, romelic mdgomareobda sakuTari meobis, Rirsebis, pirovnulobis dacvasa da amaRlebaSi, anu qarTul kulturul RirebulebaTa gacocxlebaSi arsebuli SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT.

social_kulturuli TvalsazrisiT iyo kidev erTi metad mniSvnelovani momenti: rogoric ar unda yofiliyo CamorCenili da gana­pirebuli saqarTvelo, vidre mas ~Tavisi Tavi eyudnes~ igi iyo erTeuli da TavisTavadi sistema, sakuTari socialuri ierarqiiT da Rirebule­baTa sistemiT. qarTuli socialuri ierarqia SesatyvisobaSi iyo nebismieri qveynis socialur ierarqiasTan da Sesabamisad dafasebulic: qarT­veli mefe nebismieri qveynis mefes, an saxelmwifos meTaurs, eTanabreboda, xolo qarTveli Tavadi _ sxva qveynis warCinebuls utoldeboda. uaxles istoriaSic igive ganmeorda. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xanmokle arsebobisas saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauric da elCebic Sesatyvisi pativiT da RirsebiT iyvnen miRebulni. saqarTvelos SeerTebam ruseTTan da damoukideblobis mospobam umalve gamoiwvia am qarTuli ierarqiis da mTeli socialuri sistemis Rirsebis dacema da deklasireba. xolo Sedegad amisa ki _ gaprovincieleba. qarTveli mefe iqca ~Tavadad~ (Tundac ~brwyinvale~) ruseTis imperatoris karze, anu ~erTaderTobidan~ CamoqveiTda ~erTi mravalTaganobamde~, ~kariskacobamde~. advili warmosadgenia, ra daemarTeboda danarCen qarTul socialur da kulturul sistemas, qarTul socialur fsiqikas, qarTvel adamians, romelic uecrad, erTi xelis mosmiT daaqveiTes mTeli ~oqtaviT~ da TavisTavadidan ruseTis imperiis periferiul da provincialur ~reliqtad~ aqcies. samwuxarod, qarTul istoriografiaSi da socialur fsiqologiaSi es sakiTxi savsebiT xeluxlebelia. Cemis azriT qarTuli yofis realuri daqveiTeba da gaprovincieleba _ aqedan gamomdinare mZime socialuri, ekonomkuri, fsiqologiuri da zneobrivi SedegebiT, swored am viTarebaSi iRebs saTaves; xolo es viTareba ki, TavisTavad, sul ufro da ufro mZimdeboda socialistur da komunistur totalitarul bnel gvirabSi SeRrmavebisda kvalad. ilia WavWavaZis, vaJa fSavelas, akaki wereTlis, arCil jorjaZis, mixako wereTlis da sxvaTa mZafri kritikac swored am viTarebis amsaxvelia: erovnuli depresia Sedegi iyo da ara mizezi Tavdapirvelad, magram istoriaSi Sedegi mizezad dgindeba Tu drozed ar emkurnala da eSvela. mizezisa da Sedegis am ~miTosuri~ Sebrunebis gacnobierebaSi iRebs saTaves ilia WavWavaZis erovnuli saqmisa da kritikis orlesuli simkveTre. ilias kritika erTis mxriT mimarTuli qarTvelebisa da sa­qarTvelosadmi iseTis simaxviliT, rom amosaZirkvad ganwiruls emgvaneba mTeli saqarTvelo, meores mxriT mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos damamcrobeli da Seuracxmyofeli nebismieri agresiis winaaRmdeg. dRisiT rozgi eWira xelSi ilias, RamiT ki fxizlobda sasTumalTan da gaSiSvlebulsa da umweo saqarTvelos Tavisi siyvarulis sabans afarebda. da unda iTqvas rom ilia WavWavaZe amaSic pirveli iyo. man ara marto qarTuli erovnuli brZolis strategia Seqmna, aramed qarTuli Rirsebis dacvisa da amaRlebisac _ e.i. Seqmna mTlianad qarTuli yofis provincialuri degradaciidan Tavis gamoxsnis teqnologia, rasac me ~integralur (ganmanaTleblur, kritikul da realpolitikur) nacionalizms~ vuwodeb.

xose ortega i gaseti, romelmac meoce saukunis dasawyisSive amoikiTxa am tragikuli saukunis arseba da mas ~masaTa amboxis~ saukune uwoda, wers: ~vinc iseTi ar aris, rogorc yvela, vinc ise ar fiqrobs rogorc yvela, ganadgurebis safrTxe emuqreba. ra Tqma unda, es ~yvela~ sinamdvileSi ~yvela~ rodia. uwin ~yvela~ masisa da misgan gansxvavebuli umciresobis jams erqva. dRes ki ~yvela~ _ mxolod masaa~. masaTa amboxi masaTa da maTi liderebis batonobiT dasrulda.

Tuki rame ver gauges ilia WavWavaZes, es iyo misi aristokratuli socialuri erTobis politika, romelic yvelaze ufro nakleb gamJRavnebuli strategia iyo ilias erovnuli brZolis saqmeSi. amitomac iRebda uaryofiT Sefasebas ilias cda daedasturebina da eCvenebina qarTvel Tavad_aznaurTa, rogorc aristokratuli klasis erovnuli Rirebuleba da mniSvneloba; Seqmnil viTarebaSi _ gamosadegoba. socialisturi da rvoluciuri ideebis koriantelSi gaxveul axal Taobas (gansakuTrebiT, revolucioner social-demokratebs) zerele tvinSi araferi Sesdioda, da Tu Sesdioda _ ar uCerdeboda. TviT iseTi maRalgonieri da saqarTvelosaTvis Tavdadebuli pirovnebac ki, rogoric Tavadi arCil jorjaZea ~brma da yru~ aRmoCnda iliaseuli strategiis latenturi siRrmis mimarT. Tumca TviTon arCil jorjaZec iliaseuli simZafriT mimarTavda qarTvel ers:

~...Tqveni TviTmoqmedeba moklulia, yoveli Tqveni nabiji SezRudulia, Tqveni pirovneba fexiTaa gaTelili da aseT pirobebSi rogor SeiZleba ganviTareba, winsvla, raimes Seqmna... ra unda gaakeToT, rodesac Tqveni namoqmedari ar aris TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofili, rodesac ar iciT, rasac xels mohkidebT, daganebeben Tu xelidan gamogglejen da TviTon Tqven sadRac Sors gadagtyorcnian! adamianis goneba rogor ganviTardeba, roca fiqric ki ar SegiZliaT Tavisuflad, roca Tqvens moqmedebas viwro fargali aqvs gars Semovlebuli da Tu gadacdiT, aTasi xifaTi da gansacdeli dagatydebaT Tavs uricxvi mcvelisa da mbrZaneblisagan!

magram qarTvelni mainc azviadebT gareSe mizezebs da ar gindaT Tqveni ubedurebis umTavresi wyaro eZioT sakuTars Tqvens arsebaSi...~

ilia WavWavaZis saqme metyvelebda qarTvelTa, rogorc erTobis, Rirsebis aRdgenis strategiis Sesaxebac. igi Sidasocialuri Rirsebis aRdgenisTvisac iseve ibrZoda, rogorc politikuri da erovnuli Rirsebisa. iliasaTvis realuri, arsebuli saqarTvelo unda gacocxlebuliyo _ erTnairad dasneulebuli asoebi erTi erovnuli arsebisa unda aRmdgariyvnen. ~klasTa brZolasa~ Tu ~Serigebas~, Tu am cnebebs raime realuri istoriuli Sinaarsi aqvT, maSin eqneboda azri, rodesac ~klasebi~ erTnairad dasneulebulni ki ara, erTnairad jansaRebi iqnebodnen. sazo-gadoeba ver iarsebebs aristokratiis rogorc klasis, erovnuli cxovrebis erTerTi burjis da xelmZRvanelis gareSe. amitom saWiro iyo misi gacocxleba, gajansaReba da misi Rirsebis aRdgena. Tavadaznauroba unda ganTavisuflebuliyo provincialur_Cinovnikuri mdgomareobidan da fsiqologiidan; Seqmniliyo eris namdvil burjad axal viTarebaSi. namdvil socialur da kulturul elitad am cnebis WeSmariti, Rirsebiseuli, araprivilegirebuli gagebiT. inglisisadmi ilia WavWavaZis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, Cemis azriT, SeiZleba Caivalos arapirdapir dadasturebad, rom inglisi iyo is ~modeli~, romelic yovelmxriv uWerda mxars ilias amgvar integralur Tvalsazriss. saqarTvelos mefe aRar hyavda, xolo Tavadaznauroba jer kidev iyo bunebrivi wyaro da saTave qarTveli eris istoriuli da saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciis aRdgenisa. xolo tradiciisa da istoriis gareSe ara Tu eri, adamianic ki cxoveldeba: anu, rogorc ilia ityoda: ~Tu kacs Tavisi vinaoba ar axsovs, risRa maqnisia? is nadiria~.

saqarTvelom saxelmwifoebrioba dahkarga, dahkarga ~Tavisi Tavis yudnebac~, magram saqarTvelo jer kidev rCeboda monarqiul qveyanad, Tavadaznauruli klasis mier struqturirebul socialur wyobad. samwuxarod saqarTveloSi, rogorc provinciaSi gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT mimdinareobda is procesi biurokratizaciisa, romelic esoden damaxasieTebeli iyo rusuli monarqiisaTvis da ganmasxvavebeli qarTuli wyobidan. biurokratizaciis es procesi TavisTavad uSlida xels aristokratTa (zrdilTa da RirseulTa) klasis realur politikur Zalad Seqmnas, da mas imave funqcias akisrebda, rogoric SeiZina ruseTis sakariskaco klasma _ ~dvorianstvom~. es funqcia mdgomareobda ~dvorianstvos~ mier inteligenciis rolis miRebaze. ruseTis istoriaSi cnobili ~raznoCineloba~ gaxda safuZveli ruseTSi inteligenciis jer fenad da Semdeg erTgvar ganmanaTleblur klasad Camoyalbebisa. aseT process arsad evropaSi adgili ar hqonia. biurokratiuli avtokratizmi sruliad gansakuTrebul da evropuli absolutizmisagan gansxvavebul saxes iZenda[32]. rac rusul istoriologiaSi da literaturaSi sakmaod STambeWdavad aris aRwerili. TavadaznaurTa klasis amgvar arapolitikur klasad gadaqcevas da mis biurokratizebas, saqarTvelosaTvis udidesi safrTxe axlda: sruli rusifikacia da qarTuli kulturis (yvela formiT) mospoba. aucilebeli iyo qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas dabruneboda misi politikur_klasobrivi Segneba, sazogadoebis winamZRolis roli. amis miRweva ki SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod integraluri nacionalizmis strategiiTa da meTodebiT: erTis mxriv, TviT ruseTis liberalur (konstituciur) monarqiad ganviTarebiT da am gziT (inglis_irlandiis), saqarTveloSi aseTive tipis konstituciuri monarqiis aRdgeniT georgievskis traqtatis ideur safuZvelze. meores mxriv ki, qarTveli TavadaznaurobisaTvis qarTul RirebulebaTa namdvili saxis CvenebiTa da gaxsenebiT, TavadaznaurobisaTvis misi rogorc klasis politikuri da socialuri rolisa da saWiroebis dadasturebiT, qarTuli socialuri da politikuri elitis CamoyalibebiT.[33]

amitomac icavda ilia WavWavaZe aseTis mamobrivis mzrunvelobiT Tavadaznaurobas, rogorc socialur klass da ara imitom, rom, rogorc ukiJinebdnen da ukiJineben (an ~morcxvad malaven~), ar esmoda mimdinare istoriuli procesebi ~klasTa brZolisa~ da ~revoluciuri gardaqmnebisa~ da sxva misTanani. ilia WavWavaZes kritikuli anu Segnebuli damokidebuleba hqonda sinamdvilesTan da ara ideologiuri, anu Seugnebeli da brma fanatizmiT mosaltuli. am Segnebuli damokidebulebis da realuri politikuri strategiis ueWvel gamoxatulebas vxedav 1882 wlis martis ~Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~ (xazgasma Cemia).



~... Tu qveynis sikeTes da bednierebas niSnad win dausmen kamisias da ganzraxuls cvlilebas amazed mimarTaven, maSin swored eg sagani _ erovnobis da saxelmwifos erTmaneTSi moTavsebisa _ unda gansakuTrebiT gamoakvlevinon, nametnavad CvenSi, da cvlilebis dedaboZad daadebinon. Cven amas winaTaca vsTqviT, da exlac sityva_sityviT vimeorebT, rom _ ~vidre wesebis cvlilebas Seudgebian CvenSi, jer yvelaze uwinares gamocnobil da aRiarebul unda iqmnas is, Tu ra TvaliT da ra guliT unda gviyuron Cven; unda gamocnobil iqmnas, kargad gansazRvrul da bejiTad ganmartebul Tu, _ vina varT Cven da rani varT. rom aravin dagvwamos midgomiT laparaki, Cven moviyvanT aq erTis rusis mwerlis naTqvams am saganzed: ~Cven, rusebmao. _ ambobs igi, _ ar unda daviviwyoT Tavis_dReSi, rom saqarTvelo xmliT ar dagviWeria; rom Cven Tanasworni Zmebi varT da ara mZlavri batonebi. Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom qarTvelni Semovidnen Cvens ojaxSi misTvis, rom qarTveladve darCnen da ucxo jiSma, ucxo sarwmunoebam da ucxo Cveulebam ar STanTqas. amitomac yovels qarTuls, yovelsave qarTvelTagan istoriiT SeZenils, qarTvelTagan pativcemuls da wmindanad aRiarebuls, yovelsave gansakuTrebuls Tvisebas qarTvelisas _ imodenad pativi unda vceT, imodenad mxari mivceT da xeli SevuwyoT, ramdenadac yovelsfers Cvens sakuTars rusuls. kavSiri ZmaTa Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi_meores Zmurad Seeweodes, erTi_meores SemsWvalos, da ara imaSi _ rom erTis adamianoba meores mtlad daedos, erTma meore Cay-lapos. yovelive saxe erisa, yovelive erovneba erT-gvarad bunebrivia da erTgvarad kanonieri, agreTve yovelive Cveuleba da Tviseba~.

Tu am grZnobiT da am samarTlianis azriT ar Seudgebian CvenSi cvlilebebis saqmes, yovelive cvlileba saxeldaxelo saqme iqneba, usulo, ugulo, usicocxlo da gamousadegi qveynisaTvis calke da saxelmwifosaTvis sazogadod. maSin cvlileba Cinovnikis erTis skamidam meorezed gadaxtuneba iqneba, kancelariebis saxelebis Secvla, da bevri_bevri _ oriod groSis gamozogva sxva araferi.

ar viciT, Cveni Suamdgomloba ramodenad gasWris, magram mainc eg Suamdgomloba Cven unda vikisroT da qveyanas gavuwioT am mxriT samsaxuri. Cveni wminda movaleoba dRes is aris, rom mTavrobam Cvengana scnos Cveni gulis_ tkivili da Cvenis natvris sagani. axalis mTavarmmarTeblis gulmtkivneuli sityvebi Cvenis qveynis Sesaxeb, misi mtkiced gamoTqmuli aRTqma, rom rac SesaZloa, araviTars RonisZiebas ar daiSurebs Cvenis qveynis aRmatebisaTvis, misi mtkicedve gamoTqmuli survili, rom TiTon sazogadoebac moeSvelos qveynis ganwyobis saqmeSi, imeds gvaZlevs, rom aqauri umaRlesi mTavroba siamovnebiT miiRebs yovelsave rigianad gamokvleuls, damjdaris WkuiT SemuSavebuls azrs maszed, Tu ra gziT da ra ganzraxviT ufro Sesaferia, gamosadegi da nayofieri, cvlilebis moxdena. es didi da wminda movaleoba, romelic droTa viTarebam Cvens zurgzed wamogvkida, mZime tvirTia da didis yuradRebis Rirsi. roca Cveni Svilebi _ Cven, mamebs, gangvikiTxaven, pirvelad amas gvetyvian: es amisTana SemTxveva gqondaT da ra hqeniT qveynisaTvisa da Tqveni Tqvenis SvilebisaTvisao. rom pirnaTlad daxvdeT am gankiTxvis dRes, rom sirxviliT pirzed xeli ar avifaroT CvenTa momdevarTa winaSe, rom Cveni xseneba sawyevrad ar gavixadoT, mag mZime tvirTs unda yovelis Cvenis suli-eris da xorcielis ZaliT cnobierad da windaxedviT gavuZRveT.

vin aris CvenSi amisTana sasaxelo saqmis Rir-seuli meTauri? vin gamoidebs Tavs? ai kiTxvani, romelTac, Cvenda samwuxarod, pasuxi egre advilad ver moepoveba.

Cveni didkacoba, romelic warCinebulobiT, xarisxiT, yofa_cxovrebiT da SeZlebiT yvelazed maxloblad aris umaRles mTavrobasTan da, maSasadame, umaRles mTavrobamde xmis miwvdenis Rone xelTa aqvs, am saqmisaTvis moumzadebelia. Tundac WkuiT da gonebiT momzadebuli iyos, gulic imodenad gaRviZebuli unda hqondes, rom saqveyno saqmisaTvis ucemdes da mosvenebas ar aZlevdes, imodenad aRmatebuli unda iyos zneobiT, rom Tavis pativmoyvareobas, saxelsa da didebas _ marto qveynisaTvis dadebul RvawlSi xedavdes da marto mag Rvawlis sididiT zomavdes kacis adamianurs Rirsebasa sazogadod da Tavis didkacobisas calked. kmayofileba WeSmaritis pativmoyvareobisa marto amisTana RvawlSi moipoveba da sxva araferSi. Cvenda saubedurod, Cveni didkacoba Sors manZilzed aris darComili am mxriT da qveynisaTvis dadebuli Rvawli aramc Tu adamianis Rirsebis mxoloobiT sawyaod miaCnia, aramc Tu WeSmaritis pativmoyvareobis sagnad uRiarebia, aramed mis cxovrebis davTarSi saxsenebladac moxsenebuli ar aris. ar aris qveyanazed arc erTi eri, romlis SemZlebeli nawilic ase gulacruebuli, ase gulgrili iyos sazogado saqmeebis Sesaxeb, rogorc Cvenebi arian. ar aris CvenSi arc erTi sazogado saqme, rom masSi Cvenis didkacobis warmomadgeneli moqmedebdes da iRwvodes. Teatria, gazeTia, Tu Jurnali _ uimaTod iRwvian; Raribs, Rataks Tavisi groSebi moaqvs, rom rogorme Teatri, gazeTi, Jurnali Seinaxos da erTob sazogado saqmes xeli rogorme Seuwyos da erTi didkacTagani ki yursac ar ibRertavs, TiTqo yovelive es misTvis saTakilo saqme iyos. an iqneba umecrebisa gamo hgoniaT, rom qarTuli Teatri, qarTuli Jurnali, Tu gazeTi, da sxva am_gvari saqme arafers ar moaswaveben da wvrilfexobis cuRlutobada sTvlian. erTic, meorec, mesamec, rac unda uZluri iyvnen dRes, Cvenis vinaobis damcvelni da Semnaxvelni arian. vinc amaT zurgs Seaqcevs, Tavis sakuTars vinaobas uarhyofs, Tavis adamianurs saxes Seuracxyofs da ararda hxdis. Tu adamians Tavisi vinaoba ararad miaCnia, maSin im adamianSi adamianuri raRaa? dro gamoicvleba, dro mova, roca Tavisis vinaobidgan ga­damdgari kaci yvelasagan Serisxuli iqneba, rogorc uRirsi, TiTon imaTganac ki, vinc exla sixaruliT amisTana kacs Seikedlebs xolme da uloloebs. dro mova, roca yvelasaTvis cxadi iqneba, rogorc orjer_ori, rom Tu kaci Tavisas gadaudga, sxvisas ver uerTgulebs. es WeSmariteba dRes cotam icis da xvale bevrs ecodineba, da maSin vai Tavis vinaobazed gulacruebuls, gulgrils da xelaRebuls!..

maS saidam ras unda gavxdeTo? ikiTxavs mkiTxveli...

eg saxsari _ Cvenis guberniebis Tavad_aznaurTa krebaa, tfilisisa da quTaisisa. es kreba wels unda moxdes Tav_Tavis adgilas. Cvenda sanugeSod amasac vityviT, rom dRes yoveli kaci, didi Tu patara, hgrZnobs, rom eg magisTana kreba kenWis saTamaSo yriloba ar aris, rogorc aqamomde iyo. dRes yvelas, visac ki guli gahRviZebia qveynisaTvis, sazogadoebisa da erisaTvis, mag saxsars Sehyurebs xarbis da imedianis TvaliT. dRes yvela fiqrobs, rom eg kreba rogorme gamoiyenos sazogado saqmisaTvisa. yvelani amas amboben, rom Cveni xma aqedam unda mivawvdinoTo. amis nebas kanonic gvaZlevs da qveynis ukiduresi saWiroebacao. marTalia, Tavad_aznaurTa krebas zogierTni, Sinaurni Tu gareulni, patara fargliT uzomven xolme moqmedebis moedans, amiT yovels azrs da winadadebas, romelTac ki saqveyno, sayovelTao feri adevs, fargal_gareT agdeben, rogorc ara_kuTvnils sagans krebisas, magram scde-bian. scdebian isinic, vinc am SemTxvevaSi gulwrfelad iqcevian, xolo bevrnic imisTanani amogviCndebian TiTon krebaSi, romelnic amisTana far_xmals ixmareben raime amao ridiTa da angariSiTa. maSin eg Secdoma danaSaulobad unda CaeTvalos momqmedsa.

diaR, batonebo, Cvens vinaobas Cvens cxovrebaSi usaTuod gza unda mieces da amazed Tavad_aznaurTa krebam Tavisi xma unda amoiRos, xma kanonieri, dinji, darbaisluri da mSvidobiani. uamisod warmatebis gza SeRobilia. eseTi yofa warmatebis gzisa erTnairad sagrZnobelia yvelasaTvis. am erTs tafaSi Tavadic iwvis, aznauric, mRvdelic da eric. Tu ganzraxulma cvlilebam Cvens vinaobas ar moxeda, Tu gverdzed auara, amisi brali Cven dagvedeba, da maSin nurc mTavrobas davemdurebiT da nurc bedsa.~



ara mgonia vinmes eWvi Seeparos imaSi, rom am ~Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~ dasmuli sakiTxi marTlac ~Sinauruli~ Rirsebisa iyos da sxva araferi. es sakiTxi didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxia dResac da iqneba yovelTvis, vidre arsebobs erisa da saxelmwifos urTierTSi moTavsebis problema. es sakiTxi ara marto ~imperiis~ sakiTxia, aramed saerTod saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis uzogadesi sakiTxic. da aq aSkarad vxedavT saTaves rogorc ~avtonomiuri~ aseve ~federalisturi~ saxelmwifoebrivi azrisas. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas rom iliam aq ~saukuneebs gadaabija~, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedroveobis aSkara tendencias multinacionaluri integraciisaken, an, sxvagvarad _ federalizmisaken. arsebuli imperiisa da arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis farglebSi erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis da TviTdadginebis principis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ilias im droisaTvis samomavlo azrs, realpolitikuri mZlavri Segneba ara Zvelis totaluri ngrevis, aramed praqtikuli erovnuli saqmis gziT mimarTavda. iseve, rogorc daviT aRmaSenebelSi gamovlinda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis energia, ilia WavWavaZeSi Tavi moiyara erovnulma politi-kurma realizmma, romelmac aTasgzis gadawona kidec saukuneTa ganmav­lobaSi gamovlenili ~heroikul_ romantikuli~ qarafSutuli apolitikuroba da TavkerZoba. swored am erovnuli da socialuri TavkerZobis winaaRmdeg iyo SemuSavebuli ilias erovnuli strategia, romlis mZlavri feTqva ismis TiTqmis yovel ~Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~:

~is erTi ram _ is sazogado mniSvnelobis ZarRvia, romelmac am bolos xanebSi metad Zlierad cema daiwyo CvenSi. Cvenda sanugeSod, dRes aSkarada sCans, rom bevrs Cvengans guli gaxsnia saqveynod, bevrs Cvengans ugrZvnia da ucvnia is tkivilebi qveynis tkivilebad, da Tu iRwvis exla maT gamo, piradi angariSi da gamorComa ukan dauyenebia da marto sazogados, saqveynos sikeTes etaneba mTelis Tavisis SeZlebiTa da RoniTa.

amitomac Cvens metyvelebas am bolos dros da nametnavad wels, swored adamianuri feri da Rirseba daedva...~

ilia WavWavaZis mier saukenis win daweril ~Sinaur mimoxilvebs~ sadReiso azri da Zala srulyofilad aqvs SenarCunebuli, magram 1883 wlis agvistos Sinauri mimoxilva ilia WavWavaZem dRevandeli dRis winaswarmxilvelis ganWvretiT dawera TiTqos. rogorc Cans ilia metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am mimoxilvaSi gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss, rom, akrZaluli da cenzuris mier ~ganwmendil_gakreWili~, mainc dabeWda is:



~am oci oc_da_aTi wlis winaT, baton_ymobis gadavardnamde, iseTi myudroeba sufevda Cvens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, rom veravin warmoidgenda, Tu misi Seryeva odnav mainc SesaZlebeli yofiliyo. rogorc burusiani, Rrubliani, Tbili da mSvidi dRe, ise ixedeboda maSindeli Cveni cxovreba. arc wvima sadme, arc qariSxali; elvas rom aTasSi erTxel vRirsebodiT, didi RvTis wyaloba iqneboda, xels aRvapyrobdiT cisken da RaRadebiT qebasa da madlobas veubnebodiT ufals _ elvisa da quxilis gaCenisaTvis erTis wamiT mainc.

diax, aseTi gaxldaT is warsuli dro, dro me_40 da 50 welTa, dro miZinebisa da Cvenis gonebrivisa da erovnulis mimZinarebisa, moqanculobisa. mwerlobac am_gvaris mimZinarebulis xasiaTisa gaxldaT maSin. igi zedmiwevnilis sinamdviliT gvixatavs maSindeburs Cvens ararobas, Cvens siRatakes azrisas Tu cxovrebisas; Cvens moRalulobas cxadis sabuTebiT mowmobs dResac maSindeli Cveni mwerloba da literatura. maSindelis Cvenis moRalulobis, Cvenis davardnis, Cvenis ganiadagebis cxadi, utyuari saxsovaria eg Cveni gonebis naRvawi: mtkiced da medgrad sdgas maSindeli Zveli mwerloba, romlis burusian, miZinebuls garemo haers xandisxan da iSviaTad daarRvevda xolme n. baraTaSvilis warsul droTa mogonebiT dawylulebuli poezia da gr. orbelianis Rrmad erovnuli poeturi kalami.

magram es ori kaci da kidev oriode sxvani me_40 da 50 welT ar ekuTvnodnen. eseni iyvnen sxva dros aRzrdilni, sxva anderZis gavlenis qveS, sxvagan rboda maTi goneba, sxva mimogoneba swylavda maTs guls. eseni iyvnen cotani da maTi azris da grZnobis gaelveba mxolod odnav arRvevda im dros garemo wyvdiads, mxolod odnav afxizlebda daZinebuls qarTvelT gonebas.

am_gvari gaWirvebuli dro dadgeba xolme erisaTvis xangrZlivis da didis_xnis mRelvare cxovrebis Semdeg. iSviaTad miCvenebT ers, rom rodisme mainc esev am_gvaradve ar gasWirvebodes, rogorc Cven qveyanas da ers uWirda ormocian da ormoc_da_aTian wlebis ganmavlobis dros. meistorie miSlesi ar iyos, romelic safrangeTis didis revoluciis Semdeg mdgomareobaze laparakobs, maSin rom qarTvelisaTvis gekiTxaT, ras fiqrobT, ra gsurTo, sicocxlezed viqrobT, sicocxle gvindao, gipasuxebdnen. _ magis garda kidevao? _ kidev sicocxle gvindao, getyodnen. _ ras eZaxiT sicocxles, rogor Tu sicocxleo? _ iseo, getyodnen, rom gavla_gamovla SegveZlos, sunTqvao, ciT da mTvariT datkboba, mzis cqerao da Cvenis Wiis gaxarebao. gvinda vgrZnobdeT, rom Tavi isev mxrebze gvabiao, rom Cvenis TavisTvis gveTqva, fiqri ara gaqvs, isev cocxali xar, jer ar momkv-darxaro.

erTis sityviT, xalxs da ers mxolod xorcielis cxovrebis natvra hqonda, mxolod imazed hfiqrobda, rom unda gavfrTxilde, Torem, suls xom aRara vCivi, xorciTac ar daviRupovo. aba am_gvars dros sad da vis mohkiTxavdi azrsa, gonebas, Tavganwirulebas erisaTvis, saqveyno saqmisaTvis. aki arc araferi SeiniSneboda am_gvari. qveyana mxolod luarsab TaTqariZeebiT aivso, ruseTumeebma daamSvenes sazogadoebrivi cxovreba da sazogadoebrivis sam­saxuris asparezi...

...aRaravis axsovda maSin, rom am qveyanas hyolia xalxisTvis da mamulisTvis mxne muSakni, mxne mebrZolni, niWiT da qvelobiT savseni. aRaravis ax­sovda maSin, rom eg sazogadoebrivi asparezi iyo did samsxverplod gadaqceuli da am samsxverplozed ikvlodnen da iwirvodnen Zeni mamulisani, rom es ukanasknelni maTsaviT Zvirad ar afasebdnen TavianT Tavs, TviTon xorcsa da am xorcis mxolod xorciels arsebobas, usulod, ugulod, qveynisaTvis Tavgamoudeblad, misTvis TavSeuwuxeblad.

diax, ormociani da ormoc_da_aTiani wlebis winaparni saqmis xalxi iyo, samuSao bevri hqondaT, bozbaSisaTvis da CixirTmisaTvis agre_rigad ar zrunavdnen: arc dro hqondaT, arc SeCveulni iyvnen amgvarebze zrunvas. mteri mudam karze, mmarTveloba, wesisa da wyobilebis dacva, uSiSroebis damyareba, qveynis win_gaZRola, mtersa da moyvaresTan pirnaTlad gamosvla da gaZRola, _ yovelive es TviToe-ulad da sazogadod Seadgenda maSindelis qarTvelis sazrunavs sagans, misis gonebis da azris savarjiSos.

yovelive es aRixoca, yovelive ese gahqra da qarTveli... darCa usagnod, varjiSobas moklebuli, marto, suliT oboli, sasoebamixdili...

exla is dro aRar aris, Jamma Cvenmac moaRwia. exla sul sxva gvari laparaki ismis, ufro saimedo, ufro gamamxnevebeli, aramc Tu marto dasavleT evropaSi, aramed ruseTSiac_ki. ai, ras ambobs erTi rusis mwerali, romlis keTil_saimedo saxels eWv_qveS mxolod katkovi ayenebs.

~sazogadod, _ ambobs igi, _ inkorporacia qveynisa, romelsac hqonia Tavis istoriuli erovnoba, yovelTvis dids siZneles warmoadgens da xSirad ufro meti vneba moaqvs, vidre sargebloba.

~istoriul erTa mospoba SeuZlebelia; didi ubedurobisa da damcirebis Semdegac ki igini kvlav aRdgebian xolme da gulSi Rrmad imarxaven Seuri-gebels simZulvares damCagvrelTa da dampyrobTa mimarT~.

exlandel droSi xom, roca ase sayovelTaod ganmtkicebulia da aRgznebuli erovnuli grZnoba da Tavisuflebis survili, ese_gvari saqme ufro Znel saqmes warmoadgens. mospoba romelime eris damoukideblobisa da TviTebisa da Sericxva misi sxva erTa Sina, _ eg imas hniSnavs, rom Zalad da ganzrax aiRos man Tavis_Tavze xeli, daiviwyos Tavisi uwindeli cxovreba, Tavisi mogonebani, Tavisi dacemuli dideba, Tavisi interesebi, Tavisi zne, ena, da suyvela es mtris gasaxarelad, mtris sasargeblod. es saqme aRemateba kacTa SemZleblobas. Tu SeuZlebelia gaerTianeba erTa, raRa azri unda hqondes saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebas.

...dRes Tumca Cveni gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba jer kidev ar gaTavebula da arc male gaTavdeba, iqneb didi gansacdelic mogvelis momavalSi, magram mainc Cveni dro bevrad ukeTesi droa zemoT_moxsenebul drosTan SedarebiT. dRes cxadad da utyuarad SesamCnevelia niSnebi eris gamofxizlebisa, Zvelis saukeTeso naanderZevis aRdgenisa. zemoxsenebulT welT Semdegma drom, im Wirisa ar iyos, romelic zogjer margebelia xolme, moitana Tan sxva niavi, gaswminda cotad Tu bevrad qveynis damabnelebeli burusi, gadahyara Rrublebi da Cveni erovnuli cnobiereba gamoafxizla. diaR, dRes bevrsac erTianad gvwams Cvenc Cvenis qveynis momavali da _

~... glax bedisagan esred dasjilni

imedovnebas vuwodebT farad~.

...marTla, am samoc_oTxmoc wels ise ar gauvlia, rom Cven cxovrebas cotaTi mainc sxva feri ar dasdebodes. magram mainc Cveni mdgomareoba gaWir­vebul mdgomareobad unda CaiTvalos. ramdens ufro metad vgrZnobT ukeTesad cxovrebis mowyobis survils da xelmokleobas am survilis ganxorcielebi­saTvis, imdenad ufro metad vitanjebiT, metad gaWirvebulad gveCveneba Cveni arseboba.

rasakvirvelia, umaduroba iqneba da arc simarTles Seadgens uaryofa im sargeblobisa, romelic mogvitana Cven baton_ymobis gadavardnam, Tumca axalis, magram mainc frTa_Sekvecilis samarTlis wesebis SemoRebam, TviTmmarTvelobis namcecebma da sxva da sxva....~ (1883 w. agvisto)



ilia WavWavaZis ganmanaTleblur_kritiuli da realpolitikuri integraluri nacionalizmis da konkretuli saqmis strategiis monaxazic ki, Cemis azriT aSkarad mowmobs, rom ukve 80_iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, misi azri utrialebs erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis rogorc Teoriul, aseve praqtikul aspeqtebs. saqarTvelos sinamdvile aiZulebda ilias praqtikuli saqmianobis sferoSi metad mozomili da realurad ganxorcielebadi nabijebi gadaedga. Teoriuli Ziebebi mimarTuli iyo qarTuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomkuri wyobis Tanamedrove formis SeemuSavebisaken saqarTvelos qristianuli kulturis, istoriuli gamocdilebis, da bunebriv cxovrebis stilad, xasiaTad qceuli tradiciis, da evropis civilizebul erTa da saxelmwifoTa miRwevebis integrirebiT. saqarTvelo da qarTveli eri ganixileboda rogorc TavisTavadi, gansakuTrebuli nawili evropuli samyarosi, anu qristianuli civilizaciisa. sagulisxmoa, am TvalsazrisiT, iliaseuli ~mibruneba~ istoriisaken da, amave dros, mowodeba ~warsul droebzed dardis mokvlisa da axal varskvlavs midevnebisa~, rac ~myobadis Sobas da xalxisaTvis momavlis micemas~, anu gzis gaxsnas, gulisxmobda. es ori, erTis SexedviT urTierTsapirispiro gezi efuZneboda qristianuli civilizaciis sazRvrebSi evropelobisa da qarTvelobis Rrma Segnebas. ukve amgvarad danaxuli saqarTvelo iyo arsebiT ~antirusuli~ da am faruli politikuri Tvalsazrisis fonze kidec iyo SesaZlebeli Tavis arideba realur da aSkarad vermosarev ZalauflebasTan pirdapiri konfrontaciisagan.

iliam pirvelma gaiazra saqarTvelo evropuli civilizaciis aspeqtSi da ruseTisagan gamoxsnis gzaze dayenebis SesaZleblobebi dasaxa. ruseTi da rusuli Zalaufleba iliasaTvis is realoba iyo, romlis erTis mxriv gamoyeneba iyo saWiro,_ramdenadac ~Zala aRmarTs xnavda~_, xolo, meores mxriT ki, saWiro iyo brZola liberaluri reformebisaTvis, konkretuli da nawilobrivi nabijebiT ruseTis wyobis gaevropiulebisaTvis. ilias realpolitika gulisxmobda ara marto saqarTvelos TavisTavadobas da am TavisTavadobis aRdgenas, aramed, ruseTis ganviTarebasac, ramdenadac es ganviTareba xels uwyobda saqarTvelos Semzadebas damoukideblobisaTvis. xolo am Semzadebis gareSe uazro iqneboda laparaki damoukideblobasa Tu, miTumetes, Tavisuflebaze. yovelive es lagdeboda rogorc erTiani strategiis etapebi da taqtikuri svlebi. dRes ukve aSkarad vxedavT, rom es strategiac da taqtikac erTian sistemaSi arsebobda, sruliad realurad, magram, Cvenda samwuxarod, arsebuli qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis SeumCneveli iyo. ver dainaxa igi verc ~axalma erovnulma moZraobam~. ilia qarTveli eris momavals anu Tavisuflebas, an ~Cveni Tavis Cvenadve yudnebas~, moWadrakis strategiiT amzadebda, rodesac yoveli svla erTdroulad mowinaaRmdegisadmi pasuxicaa da sakuTari miznisaken win wawevac. am realizmis gaqroba ilias Semdgomi qarTuli politikuri da socialuri azris da, rac mTavaria, saqmis ganviTarebaSi yvelaze did naklad warmodgeba. saqarTvelos TviTmkvlelobis tragediac aqedan iwyeba.

ilias ~integraluri nacionalizmis~ mizans, amgvarad, Zalauflebis damxoba an Zalauflebis TavisTvis xelSi aReba ki ar warmoadgenda (pirov-nul_partiulad), aramed qarTveli eris ganaTleba da ganviTareba im zomamde, rom TviT qarTveli eri, rogorc erToba yofiliyo gamgebeli Tavisi bedisa nebismieri Zalauflebis probebSi _ es niSnavda am miznis Sig qarTveli eris gulSi moTavsebas da gulis aZgerebas am miznis Sesatyvisad. amgvar gezSi TviT Zalauflebis, an, rogorc dRes iTqmis, sistemis, Tu reJimis, sakiTxi meorexarisxovani xdeboda. ~Tu eri erobs~ mas araviTari safrTxe ar emuqreba, xolo Tu eri ar erobs, maSin veraviTari Zalaufleba da reJimi ver ixsnis mas daRupvisagan. esaa ilias realpolitikuri, ganmanaTleblur_kritikuli da konkretuli saqmis strategiis, anu ~integraluri nacionalizmis~ gulTavsi.

Tu gadavxedavT ra socialur da inteleqtualur realobasTan uxdeboda urTierToba ilias, advili dasanaxia, rom ilias godeba ~kaci ar aris, rom fiqri vando, guli Cemi gavuziaro~ _ exeba ara imdenad qarTvel ~kacad_kacebs~, rogorc aseTebs, aramed im, iliaseuli strategiisaTvis arasando da ver Semgnebel sakrebulos qarTveli inteligenciisa da erTob mowinave fenebisa, romelsac unda etvirTa am strategiis Segnebuli xorcSesxma. vgulisxmob mTlian strategias Segnebuli mizanswrafvisas, TviT Segnebul mizanswrafvas da moWadrakis moTminebiT svlas qarTvelobis gadarCenisa da gaTanamedrovebisaken.ilias garemdgomi qarTuli sinamdvile metad arasaxarbielo suraTs iZleoda swored am erovnuli Segnebis, erovnuli saqmis strategiisa da taqtikis gacnobierebis TvalsazrisiT. ilias realizms da qarTuli sinamdvilis Rrma wvdomas upirispirdeboda, gansakuTrebiT 900_iani wlebidan, ~modeluri~ Tvalsazrisi dafuZnebuli garkveul ideologiebsa da ideologemebze. es modelebi da ideologiebi sruliad sxva, araqarTuli istoriuli sinamdvilis wiaRSi iyvnen warmoSobilni da sruliad sxva moTxovnilebebis da problemebis gadasaWrelad iyvnen mimarTulni; da, rac mTavaria, im xalxis mier atacebulni, romelTaTvisac saqarTvelo infantiluri siyvarulis obieqti Tu iyo, an pativmoyvareobis dasakmayofilebeli asparezi, da mxolod.

erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac is ~moZraoba~ iyo da ara konkretuli saqmis strategiis struqturul_taqtiquri elementi, Tavidanve erTgvari opoziciuri moZraobis xasiaTs avlenda Zlieri da Zalauflebisaken miswrafebuli masaTa maorganizebeli daundobeli revoluciuri partiebis mimarT, romelTa mizans arsebuli wyobilebis ngreva da sakuTari Zalauflebis dafuZneba warmoadgenda. ilia WavWavaZes kargad esmoda amgvari ngrevis saSiSi da savalalo Sedegebi moumzadebeli da Tanamedroveobas CamorCenili saqarTvelosaTvis. igi yovelnairad cdilobda Seekavebina es damangreveli tendenciebi da mTeli Zala miemarTa saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris nabij_nabij gacocxleba_gajansaRebisaken. ~erovnuli moZraobis~ es opoziciuroba kargad gamovlinda 1918_1921 wlebSi, rodesac erovnul_demokratiulma partiam, romelic Tavs ilia WavWavaZis pirmSod Tvlida, da romelsac mmarTveli socialistebi ~reaqciul Tavad_aznaurTa partiad~ naTlavdnen, iTamaSa mxolod opoziciis roli da ar eyo Zala Seebrunebia saqarTvelos istoriis ~ucxod~ mibrunebuli Carxi. TviT socialist_federalistTa nacionalizmi, anu ~sruli miReba ilias erovnuli programisa~, iyo ufro bunebriv mamuliSviluri da infantilur_patriotuli grZnobebis gamovlineba, vidre seriozuli Segneba ilia WavWavaZiseuli integraluri nacionlizmis strategiis mTeli siRrmisa. socializm_federalizmi Sinagnad winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda da sabolood iTamaSa inteligenturi moZraobis, e.i. ara politikuri partiis, aramed politikuri inteligenciis(publicisturi) roli Cvens istoriaSi, dauTmo ra asparezi ufro politikurad daundobel, mTliansa da homogenur mimarTulebas, romelic erovnul Rirebulebebs araviTar realur mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda da miiswrafoda erTpartiuli Zalauflebisaken. saqarTvelo ori socialisturi centralisturi eqsperimentis samsxverploze iqna mitanili.[34]



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sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis rTuli meqanizmi ganuwyvetel gapoxierebasa da gazeTvas saWiroebs; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas Jangi edeba da mcire xnis sacodavi Wrialis Semdeg, yoveli moZraoba qvavdeba. gaqvavebul sazogadoebriv yofaSi aRarc dro ar moZraobs. xolo radgan drois svla mexsierebasTanaa dakavSirebuli[35] es sazogadoebrivi sistema sakacobrio istoriis miRma rCeba, cxovreba iyineba da Camowolil susxsa da wyvdiadSi, adamiani hkargavs gza_savals. gaToSili, ~lukma purisa da ylupi wylisaTvis zrunviT~ moculi iwyebs igi wrials dRe_Ramis wrebrunvaSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu ras iSovis igi am zrunviT moculi, doS_xizilalas Tu marTlac ~lukma purs~, _ arseba misi ar icvleba amiT, radgan Semdgaria sazogadoebrivi cxovreba da damonebuli suli misi.

cxadia SemTxveviTia damTxveva sityvebisa ~gazeTi~ da ~gazeTva~. magram aris marTlac saidumlo kavSiri da azri imaSi, rom am mapoxiereblisa da gamzeTavis rols swored Tavisufali presa, Tavisufali, anu kritikuli azri asrulebs. araferi araa demokratia, Tu ar am damoukidebeli da Tavisufali azris batonoba sazogadoebaSi. igia erTaderTi, liberaluri sazogadoebisagan ganuyofeli instituti. mospeT yvela partia _ eri rCeba, xolo mospeT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli azri _ ispoba sazogadoeba, igi Jangdeba, xavsi ekideba, iyineba, wer­tilovani xdeba... ~Savi naxvreti~! ~reJimad~ iqceva, radgan kvdeba mexsiereba anu is, rac sazogadoebisa da sicocxlis pirvelwyaroa _ pirov­neba. xolo sazogadoeba sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara saerTo mexsierebis mqone pirovnebaTa erToba. eric, sabolood, saerTo mexsierebis mqone adamianTa erTobaa, radgan kultura, romelic eris arsebobis formaa, am saerTo mexsierebis gansxeulebuli saxea.

sityvis Tavisufleba, anu kritikuli azri, aris Tanamedrove ~kogitaluri arsebobis~ pirvelsaxe, arqetipi, da garantia adamianis samarTlebrivi socialuri arsebobisa. radgan ~kogitaluri arseboba~ kanonis, ~konstituciis~ safuZvelze arsebobaa. kanoni ki ganuwyvetel gadaazrebasa da daxvewas iTxovs. es erTgvari aqsiomaa. azrisa da sityvis Tavisufleba adamians pirovnebad da e.i. sazogadoebis pirvelwyarod da wevrad xdis. rameTu sazogadoeba Tavis-ufal adamianTa erTobaa, erTiani miznis, saerTo keTildReobis misaRwevad. amitomac Zneli mosanaxia sxva magaliTi adamianis arasazogadoebrivi arsebobisa, garda totalitaruli reJimebisa, an sistemebisa. dRevandel dRes, ufro sworad, axal da uaxles istoriaSi, warmoSobis dRidan, damoukidebeli presa warmarTavs sazogadoebis cxovrebas da aris garantia sazogadoebrivi sijansaRisa. iq ki, sadac amgvari damoukidebeli presa ar arsebobs, saca Tavisufali azris gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba mospobilia, an, saerTod, erT xels upyria es gasaRebi, iq axvirakul, an rogorc vaJa ityoda ~briyv sazogadoebasTan~ gvaqvs saqme. sakmarisia gavixsenoT ra marTlac da ~briyvuli~ qeba dideba, xotba Seasxes iseT adamianebs, romlebsac Tu ara maTi ~sajdomi~ sxva arara Rirseba ar hqoniaT, rogorc maTi ~gadajdomis~ Semdeg irkveoda yovelTvis. xolo magivrad axals visme ~mjdomares imav skamze~ Sescicinebdnen. es sasaciloa, cxadia, rom ar avlendes amgvari mdgomareobis srul anti_sazogadoebriv xasiaTs da ar iwvevdes adamianis sulisa da cnobierebis daSlas. ~uRirsobis aRlumis~ anu zneobrivi daSlis masazrdoebelic es aris _ Tavisufali da damoukidebeli presis, anu kritiuli azris mimarT SiSi, romelic Tan sdevs totalitarul reJims. ama Tu im wyobis liberaluroba (rom aRar vaxsenoT ukve sakmaod gabundovanebuli ~demokratiuloba~) sityvis Tavisuflebisa da kritikuli azris siRrmiT gamoixateba. dapyrobili erisaTvis, an romelime ~kavSirSi~ myofi erisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia mas xma amoiRos sakuTari uflebis, sakuTari meobis dasacavad da Tavisuflad, sajarod, mTeli erisaTvis xelmisawvdomad gaiazros Tavisi mdgomareobaca da am mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis gzebi da saSualebani. gana igives ar gulisxmobs pirovnebis Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi, romelsac eyrdnoba Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebis mTeli Senoba? es exeba rogorc saerTo_erovnul sakiTxebs, ise Sidasazogadoebrivsac. evropul civilur wyobaSi azris da presis Tavisuflebas bunebrivad eniWeba pirovnebis, sazogadoebis da eris Tavisuflebis mtkice garantiis saxe. liberalizmis raoba, xalxis TviTmmarTvelobac, romlis sazRvrebSiac xorcieldeba pirovnebis Tavisufleba, swored Tavisufali presis arsebobiTaa garantirebuli. mospeT es Tavisufali presa da Tqven miiRebT ybadaRebul ~totalitarul~ reJims, romlis drosac saxelmwifoSi ispoba sazogadoeba da myardeba, rogorc vaJa ityoda, ~uvicobis sibriyve~, _ wyaro SiSisa da monobisa.[36] saxelmwifos aparatisa da misi borotmzraxveli mpyrobelebis mier Catarebuli ~totaluri wmendebis~ anu teroris dros sazogadoeba rom arsebuliyo, da yovelive is, rac dRes iwereba totalitarizmis Sesaxeb, Tqmuliyo Tavis droze da im sinamdvilis mimarT, romelic ~xdeboda~, totalitarizms safuZveli gamoecleboda, radgan totalitarizmica da teroric masobriv zneobriv simdablezea dafuZnebuli da aSenebuli. misi obieqtica da subieqtic xorcieli, SenivTebuli adamiania. igi mTlianad erTmxrivia, sakeisro, xorcieli (materialisturi), Tu gavixsenebT am werilis dasawyisSi naTqvams. amitomac ver udgeba igi zneobriv adamians, Sinagan adamians da kidec eSinia misi, radgan Tavisufleba da azrovneba am sulieri da zneobrivi arsebis, Sinagani adamianis kerZo sakuTrebaa, RvTis mier piradad da pirovnulad misTvis miniWebuli.

vidre es ganTavisufleba azrisa ar momxdara, saqarTvelo da qarTveli eri rCeba rudimentuli da fataluri ~rwmeniTi (mindobili) arsebobis~ formaSi, anu gaqvavebul droSi daWeril qveyanad. sruli zneobrivi daSlisa da totalitarizmSi dabrunebis safrTxis winaSe. da aq ruseTi ~arafer SuaSi aRar aris~. TavSic, SuaSic da boloSic mxolod Cven varT, qarTvelebi, radgan sakeTebeli saqme jer kidev gasul saukuneSi mogveca ilia WavWavaZis mier. da axlac, TanamedroveobaSi saqarTvelos gadmosvla SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod kritikuli azris dafuZnebiTa da integraluri nacionalizmis meTodologiis kritikuladve aTvisebiTa da gamoyenebT.

~konkretuli saqmis~ ganuwyvetloba aris erTaderTi saSualeba, romliTac SeiZleba miRweul iqnas nacionaluri(saxelmwifoebrivi) da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis yoveli mxaris winsvla. igi moiTxovs socioteqnikis mecnierul xelovnebas. damoukidebloba ar iyofila da arc SeiZleba iyos TviTmizani, igi aris saSualeba; saSualeba saqarTvelos aRdgenisa da aRorZinebisaTvis, Tavisufali sazogadoebis daarsebisaTvis, liberaluri wyobis (konstituciurad dadgenili kerZo sakuTrebis principi, samarTlebrivi principebi da normebi, moqalaqeTa, pirovnuli da erovnuli, klasTa da jgufTa socialuri da politikuri Tavisuflebebisa da valdebulebebis principebi, kanonebi... da sxva) daarsebisaTvis da, sabolood da yovelives Semajameblad, saqarTvelos da qarTvelis msoflio sazogadoebis Rirseul wevrad wardgenisaTvis. es aris liberaluri, ganmanaTlebluri da kritikuli, konkretuli saqmis, realpolitikuri integraluri nacionalizmis anu Tavisufali, damoukidebeli, ganaTlebuli, liberaluri, aristokratuli civilizebuli sazogadoebis koncefciis dedaazri da ~Cveni Tavis Cvenadve yudnebis~, anu saqarTvelos damoukideblobis, Tavisuflebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis ganuwyveteli Sromis mizani.

amis daviwyeba da am gezidan gadaxveva TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia, radgan mesamed istoria aRar Segviwyalebs.





1983-1993-2003-2011



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SeniSvnebi da ganvrcobani










1. es werili Tavdapirvelad 1983 wels daiwera ‘saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis’ did zar-zeimis dros, rodesac saq.kompart. ck pirvelma mdivanma SevardnaZem saqarTvelos mze CrdiloeTidan amoiyvana! momdevnod, igi kvlav gamoqveynda Sesabamisi damatebiT 1993-94 wels, saqarTvelos dsT-Si dabrunebis gamo, afxazeTSi samarcxvino omisa da marcxis Semdeg. igi daiwera rogorc ‘mijaWvuli sqarTvelos’ V nawili. mas Semdeg ramdenime cda iyo misi mTlianad dabeWdvisa. pirvelad Semoklebuli saxiT is dabeWda gazeTma ~Temma~ 1994 wels. rusTvelis sazogadoebis Jurnal ‘mamulSi’ #1, 1998, daibeWda werilis mxolod pirveli Tavi. radgan werilSi dasmuli sakiTxebi da saerTo tendencia, avtoris azariT ucvlelad inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas da savsebiT Sesatyvisia im viTarebisaTvis, romelic saqarTveloSia Seqmnili, me gadavwyvite kvlav gavavrco da mivawodo mkiTxvels es werili. vfiqrobT, dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli bevr misaReb da bevr sakamaTo azrs naxavs am werilSi da gulgrili ar darCeba avtoris pirdapir naTqmis mimarT. TviT faqti, rom ocdaeqvsma ganvlilma welma faqtobrivad imave problemebis winaSe dagvayena (Tugind dagvtova) dRes mravlis mTqmelia TavisTavad. mravlis mTqmelia isic, rom ilia WavWavaZe qarTuli politikuri azriovnebis sarbielidan ‘uxmod Camoweres’ da mravali TviTnaswavli politikosis sityvaxvetiobis koriantelSi gaexvia saqarTvelo. Sedegic saTanadoa.

2. berZnuli kultura da civilizacia amis SesaniSnavi dadasturebaa. berZnuli polisuri civilizacia arsebrivadaa dakavSirebuli kogitaluri tipis cnobierebisa da arsebobis ganviTarebasTan. berZnuli filosofia da polisuri institutebi, kanonebi da wyobis formebi, _ yovelive miuTiTebs am kogitaluri tipis arsebobaze. elinisturi da gvian romauli civilizaciebi kogitaluri tipis xangrZlivi krizisis mimaniSnebelia da Sereul formad warmoisaxeba. swored es Sereuli ~krizisuli~ forma dasrulda axali ~rwmeniTi arsebobis~ _ qristianobis _ saswaulebrivi dafuZnebiT da ~Sua saukuneebis~ gvirgvinosnuli wyobiT. is faqti, rom dRevandeloba, Tavisi ganwyobiT, gamovlinebebiTa da formebiT arsebiTad kvazielinisturi tipisaa, xolo Tanamedrove zrdili da ganaTlebuli adamiani warsulis formaTagan gansakuTrebiT elinizmSi cnobs TavisTavs, mimaniSnebelia im krizisisa, romelsac Tanamedrove kogitaluri tipis arsebobam miaRwia.

XX saukunis istoriosofiuli modelebi (Spengleris, toinbis, ortega i gasetis da sxva) tipologiurad elinisturi modelebia. isini gamoxataven XVIII-XIX ganmanaTlebluri da pozitiviqturi saukuneebis klasikuri kogitaluri tipis arsebobisa da ganwyobis kriziss, am tipis cnoberebaSi da matri­caSi arsebul winaaRmdegobebsa da daZabulobebs. Tanamedove ~dasavluri~ filosofia, literatura da xelovneba erTxmad gamoxatavs am krizisis arsebiT maxasiateblebs: materialuri, ~gaTvliTi~, nivTieri, usulgulo masobrivi cxovrebis interesebSi CaZirva, RirebulebiTi skalis Sebruneba, teqnokratizireba da meqanikizireba arsebobisa, RmerTis dakargva da RmerTisave Zieba, misticizmis yvelanairi formebi, seqtantoba, fundamentalizmi, ideologiaTa gaufasureba, paradoqsalizmi da a.S. _ yovelive es aris kogitaluri arsebobis Rrma krizisis aRmniSvneli tipologiurad kvazielinisturi movlena. paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am mdgomareobidan gamosavali SeiZleba arsebobdes TviT kogitaluri arsebobis axali SesaZlebobebis gaxsniT an... saswauliT, romelic RmerTis gankacebis igiveobrivi iqneboda da Seqmnis axal rwmeniTi arsebobis formaze gadasvlis pirobebs da SesaZleblobas. saswaulze saubari mosaridebelia (TviT saswaulebriobis ~gamouTqmadobis~ gamo), xolo pirveli gza aris aris, albaT, erTaderTi gza, romelic CemTvis integraluri rwmeniT_kogitaluri arsebobis konstituciur mravalformianobaSi gamoixateba da efuZneba ukve ganxorcielebuli ~sazRvruli saswaulis~, qristianobis, safuZvelze arsebobisa da yofierebis RirebulebaTa skalis gadaazrebas moiTxovs.

3. unda iTqvas, rom avtori saqarTveloSi eduard SevardnaZis mimarT dRemde (1999 wlamde) igive kompleqsis gamovlinebas xedavs, rac metad mniSvnelovani socio-fsiqologiuri tipis arsebobaze miuTiTebs mTlianad saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi da metad problematurs xdis Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi da Tavisufali saxelmwifos mSeneblobas. es kompleqsi viTarebis ucvlelobasTan ufroa dakavSirebuli (SevardnaZe TiTqmis 30 welia ganagebs saqarTvelos!). pirobiTad am kompleqss ~stalinis kompleqsi~ an ~fiurerizmis kompleqsi~ SeiZleba daerqvas – avtoris SeniSvna am publikaciisaTvis.

4. sruli analizi Caadaevis da benkendorfis am orientaciebisa mocemuli maqvs Cems wignSi ~Helovek ne sobaka, ko vsemu privykaet~(Razmywleniq o Rossii i SSSR) 1965-1970. Tbilisi TviTgamocema 1971, qarTul evropuli institutis arqivi.

5. Tumca qarTuli kulturisa da civilizaciis kvlevbi Tavis dasawyis stadiaSia mxolod da kulturologiuri xsiaTis sul oriode naSromi arsebobs (romelTa Soris ar SeiZleba ar davasaxelo mixeil naneiSvilis mier 1964-65 wlebSi dawerili da jerac gamouqveynebeli saintereso wigni ~Tvalsazrisi rusTavelis Sesaxeb da gamo~) SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli kulturis matrica da RirebulebiT koordinatTa sistema erTi yvelaze naTlad da gamokveTilad mocemuli sistemaa mTeli qarTuli samyaros msoflxatSi. ~Teoriuli skala~ am matricisa mocemuli gvaqvs TviT qarTul enaSi da qarTul enaTmetyvelebiT SemoqmedebaSi: folklorSi, istoriosofiaSi, publicistikaSi, filosofiaSi, literaturaSi... mocemuli gvaqvs urTierTobis wesebSic, romlebsac upirobod miviCnevT ~qarTuli zrdilobis~ formebad. daformulebuli saxiT qarTuli kulturis RirebulebiTi matrica mocemuli aqvT iakob curtavels, giorgi merCules, nikoloz gulaberiZes, ioane petriws, leonti mrovels, rusTvels... daviT guramiSvils, sulxan-saba orbelians... vaxuSti bagrations... grigol orbelians, nikoloz baraTaSvils... ilias, akakis, vaJas, grigol robaqiZes, mixeil javaxiSvils, niko lorTqifaniZes, galaktions... (es saxelebi amonaZerwad). es matrica ormxrivaa gansazRvruli: pozitiurad _ anu: ra aris qarTuli (zrdiloba, qceva, msoflgancda da a.S., is, rasac qarTuli cxovrebis stili da xelovneba SeiZleba ewodos) da negatiurad _ anu: ra ar aris qarTuli. mTlianobaSi, xelTa gvaqvs sruliad garkveuli RirebulebiTi matrica, romelic Seesatyviseba qarTuli yofierebis bunebas da qarTveli adamianis xasiaTsa da Tvisebebs, rameTu ~qarTveli~ ukve gulisxmobs ara eTnikur, aramed zeeTnikur, civilizebul arsebas, am matricis mflobesa da Semoqmeds. swored es garkveuloba aZlevda saSualebas ilias daesva mkacri kiTxva: varT-Ra qarTvelebi?~. am Temaze ixile Cemi ~gvelismWameli~ gagebis cda.(q-e. instituti 1989; ~giorgiuli misteriebidan~ naw. I, ~iveria~I 1992 parizi-Tbilsi; ~ubisi, renesansi ~urenesansod~ q-e. instituti 1990, parizi)

6. mixeil Wiaurelis filmSi ~giorgi saakaZe~ erTi metad sayuradRebo adgilia, romelic dRes sruliad sxvagvarad ikiTxeba. es aris scena, sadac rusuli barabnebis xmaze ewyoba qarTvelTa jaris mxiaruli svla sparselebis winaaRmdeg SemaSinebeli SeZaxilebiT: ~rusi modis!~, ~rusi modis!~ axla naTeli xdeba, rom im dros sparseTi swored imitom erCoda saqarTvelos, rom saqarTvelos rusi ~Semohyavda~ sparseTze gasabatoneblad (rac tragikulad daumTavrdeba TviT saqarTvelos!) aqve gavixsenoT aRa-mahmad xanis ori werili erekle mefisadmi da TviT erekles mier saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze uaris Tqma da am uaris motivireba ruseT-TurqeTis xelSekrulebiT da maT mier saqarTveloze gavlenis ganawilebiT...

7. ara aqvs mniSvneloba ra moralur Sefasebas vaZlevT mas, radgan politika, TavisTavad, moralis sferos ar ganekuTvneba, igi ufro ~TamaSebis Teoriis~ da ~jgufTa Teoriis~ racionalur daformulebebsa da kriteriumebSi Tavsdeba. politika imTaviTve gulisxmobs ara erTi adamianis (erTaderTi subieqtis, romelsac moraluroba SeiZleba mieweros da moraluri kategoriebiT gaiazros) aramed jgufis moqmedebas. jgufis mimarT ki zneobrivi da moraluri kriteriumebi ar gamoiyeneba anu jgufi moralis kategoriebiT ar gaiazreba, radgan ~klasisagan~ gansxvavebiT jgufs, koleqtivs da masas individualuri ~viTomuroba~ anu kvaziindividualoba axasiaTebs. es kvaziindividualoba kargad gamoixateba Tbilisuri JargoniT: axvruli individualoba (rac zomburobas Seesatyviseba), axvars(zombis) ki morali ar gaaCnia _ amitomac aris igi ~axvari~(zombi). srulad sxvaa, rodesac romelime politikosis politikas (qcevas, saqmes, sityvisa da saqmis erTobas da sxva) vafasebT zneobrivi kriteriumebiT. aq moraluri kategoriebi bunebrivad moqmedebs da Sefasebis kriteriumebs adgens. rac Seexeba kulturis matricas, aq meti sifrTxilea saWiro, radgan am RirebulebaTa SefasebisaTvis, miT umetes zneobrivi kriteriumebiT SefasebisaTvis, aRweris enas da informaciis sisavses gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, risi principuli arasrulyofileba SeuZlebels xdis Sefasebas. kulturata istoria, kulturosofia, kulturis fenomenologia mxolod pozitiur skalas gvaZlevs da kulturis arcerTi movlena negatiur movlenaTa rigs ar ganekuTvneba. kulturis es ontologiuri pozitiuroba gamoxatulia qarTuli ontosityviT ~Seni Wirime~, romlis arsebiT antinegatiuroba (amas xom ucnobs da nacnobs erTnairad veubnebiT) qarTuli da saerTod kulturis pozitiur arsebas gamoxatavs.

8. eduard SevardnaZis, rogorc pirovnebis arCeva anu misdami sruli da upirobo ndobis gamocxadeba, bunebrivia, gapirobebuli iyo Seqmnili viTarebiT, rac ara mxolod ~fizikur~ pirobebs (politikurs, socialurs da ekonomikurs) gulisxmobs, aramed fsiqologiursa da mentalursac. is faqtic, rom SevardnaZem amomrCevlebs araviTari programa ar warudgina, raTa Semdgom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi saqmianobis am programis mixedviT Sefaseba, dasaSvebad iqna miCneuli ~perestroikis~ epoqis sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministris saerTaSoriso avtoritetis gamo, rac metad arulebs normalur sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa damyarebas da Zalauflebis gardaqmnas xelisuflebad. TavisTavad, amgvari mdgomareoba warmoqmnis ~faruli politikis~ im socialurad saSiS sivrces, romelic TavisTavad uflebamosili ceenzoris rolSi amkvidrebs saxelmwifos meTaurs da mosaxleobas imave ganwyobiT velSi aTavsebs, romelSidac is iyo samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tu ara, SevardnaZis epoqaSi mainc, romelic Tavis ~bunebriv~ gagrZelebas hpovebda saqarTvelos ~nacional-totalitarul~ perestroikaSic sadac SevardnaZe gamsaxurdiam Sescvala. amas vuwodeb me ~rwmeniT arsebobas~ da totalistur(mTlianobiT) ganwyobas, rodesac mTlianad moiTxoveba yvelafris viTom Secvla. konstituciisa da kanonTa kodeqsis uqonlobis viTarebaSi ar arsebobs araviTari sxva saSualeba sayovelTaod arCeuli politikuri socialuri mmarTvelis (an partiis) saqmianobis Sefasebisa, garda misi saarCevno programisa, romlmac ~daarwmuna~ moqalaqeebi SevardnaZis arCevis saWiroebaSi. aq pirovnuli ~mowoneba~ Tu ~armowoneba~ araviTar rols ar unda TamaSobdes. is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi jer kidev emociur doneze da ~ukeTesis verxedvis~ principiT xdeba politikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi, miuTiTebs socialuri cnobierebis Camouyalibeblobaze. es mdgomareoba didad Seaferxebs saqarTveloSi socialuri Tavisuflebebis sivrcis da socialuri da politikuri wyobis liberalizaciis anu totalitarizmidan gamosvlis process.

9. axviraki_axmaxi, briyvi, gauTleli (daviT CubinaSvilis leqsikoni); am sityvas esadageba Tbilisuri metad gamomxatveli gamoTqma ~axvari~, romelic ~rqebiT mimwolsac~ gulisxmobs anu iseT arsebas, romelsac araviTari namdviloba ar gaaCnia da erTTavad viTomobis formaSia: viTom pirovnebaa, viTom rames warmoadgens, viTom rame ekuTvnis da a.S. mTlianobaSi axvari zombis Sinaarssac moicavs. me ~zombis~ am qarTul sityvas varCev.

10. ix. grigol orbeliani, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tbilisi 1959, gv. 171_175

11. ilia WavWavaZe ~ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?~; nawerebis sruli krebuli IX tomad p.ingoroyvas da al. abaSelis redaqciiT. ~qarTuli wigni~, gv. 9_14.

12. xazgasmiT unda aRvniSno, rac araerTxel miTqvams, rom ~qarTveli eri~, iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva ~eri~, eTnogenetikuri cneba ar aris. erze saub­risas ~eTnikurad sufTa qarTveli~ ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi. eri metakulturuli cnebaa, substratulad zeeTnikuri da sxvadasxva epoqebSi sxvadasxva substratuli Sinaarsis mqone. dRes gavrcelebuli er-saxelmwifos konceftualur CarCoSi ers uwodeben ama Tu im saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa erTobas miu­xedavad maTi eTnikuri warmoSobisa da kuTvnilebisa. TavisTavad, ~eTnikurad sufTa~ da ~homogenuri~ ara Tu erebi, aramed, vgoneb, Citebic ki ar arseboben (is ~qarTveli Citebi~ romlebisTvisac iyo gankuTvnili ~qarTuli wyali~ nacional-totalistur ideologiaSi. amgvari tragikomikuri eTnobiologizmi da ~eTnobioekologizmi~ qceuli saxelwifo ideologiad, TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia). Tu babilonis godolis simbolikas moviSveliebT ~eTnikurad wminda~ anu ~enobrivad wminda~ substrati ~manamde~ ukve iyo Sereuli.

13. angelus sileziusi (ioanes Sefleri Johannes Scheffler 1624—1677) didi germaneli mistikosi, ase ayalibebs am azrs Tavis ~ qerubineli mogzauris~ 61 leqsSi: ~ Wird Christus tausenmdmal zu Bethlehem geboren / Und nicht in dir, du bleibst noch ewiglich verloren~ (qriste aTasjer romc dabadebuliyo beTleemSi / da ara SenSi, Sen darCebi mainc samudamod dakarguli) sxva adgilas, (l. 23) igi ambobs: ~ me unda mariami viyi da RmerTi Cemgan iSvas./ raTa man SemaZlebinos maradiuli netareba~ (Ich muß Maria sein und Gott aus mir gebären / Soll er mich ewiglich der Seligqeit gewähren.); cxadi unda iyos, rom me amas filosofiur konteqsts vaniWeb da ara Teologiurs.

14. iseTive wakiTxva aqvs garkveul ~nacionalistur~ wreebSi galaktionsac, romelsac dacinviT ~ordenosans~ uwodeben, rogorc es CemTan saubarSi gaakeTa erTma ~ mrgvali magidis~ maSindelma liderTaganma(TviTon yofilma komkavSirelma-liderma, rogors gavige !): ~romeli galaktioni, leninis ordenosani?~ galaktions saerTod yvelaze nakleb wyalobda bedi am mxriv, radgan emigraciaSic mas ~sabWour poetad~ miiCnevdnen, ver xvdebodnen ra, rom TviT es gansazRvreba, ~sabWouri~, komunistebis mier iyo danergili da maT sakuTar enasa da azrovnebas axasiaTebda.

15. ~saqarTvelos istoria~ gv. 11.: ~qarTveli eris, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT evropis zogi sxva eris, warmoqmna sruldeba erovnuli damoukideblobis uqonlobis pirobebSi:~ ase yalibdebian erebad Cexebi, polonelebi, da sxv. avstriaSi; xorvatelebi da sxv. ungreTSi; latvielebi, litvelebi, ukrainelebi, qarTvelebi da somxebi da sxv. ruseTSi~ (i.stalini).~ aseTi aris Sesavali saqarTvelos istoriis dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelosi. am erTgvarobis saidumlo azrs me mogvianebiT davubrundebi.

16. ix. n. berZeniSvili, iv. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia saqarTvelos istoria. nawili I uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde. Tbilisi 1946 gv; 11. mkiTxveli SeamCnevda, rom ~qarTebis~ sakiTxSi me ar veTanxmebi miRebul azrs. TviT faqti, rom termini ~saqarTvelo~ da ~ qarTveli~ Cndeba arauadres mecxre saukunisa, miuTiTebs imaze, rom aq saqme gvaqvs araeTnikur gansazRvrebasTan, xolo araerTgzis aRniSnuli damTxveva ~qarT~_~ qalaqisa~ da, Semdeg ~Tbilisis~ aRniSvnaTa megrulsa da afxazurSi (da erTob kavkasiaur enebze) xazs usvams amas. somexi istorikosis cnobaSic ~vrac~ aris(urarteli) da ara ~qarT~. teqstis amgvari konceptualurad ~nagulisxmebi~ Secvla did areulobas qmnis da Tavidan unda aviciloT. cnobilia, rom somxurad ~qarTve­li~ _~ vracia~ (~ urarteli~ !?) TviT ~urartu~ araa eTnikuri gansazRvra saxelmwifosi an eTnosisa da, amitomac, Znelia am saxelmwifos SemqmnelTa eTnosubstratis gamoyofa. qarTvelTa somxuri saxelwodeba ~vrac~ SeiZleba swored imas miuTiTebdes, rom urartuSi dominanti mosaxleoba xalxi (eTnosi) swored Semdgomi ~qarTvelebi~ iyvnen, anu isini, vinc jer ~iberebad~ iwodebodnen, radgan ~qarTi~ cvlis ~ibers~, rasac svanuri, rogorc qarTveluri Zireuli ena unda uswrebdes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ufro seriozuli mgonia kvleva civiluri centris mimarTulebiT da iqidan gamoyvana ~qarTis~ saxelwodebisa, vidre eTnoantropologiuri substratis Zieba.

17. marTalia, sxvadasxva moazrovne tipologiaTa cvlis am moments sxvadasxva topologiur velSi iwyebs: reformaciidan, renesansidan da sxva, magram integralurad es gadasvla XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobam Seamzada da XIX saukunis kriticizmma ganaxorciela. gza reformaciidan an renesansidan ganmanaTleblobamde da iqidan kantamde (kriticizmamde) aRniSnavs formaTcvlis am procesSi istoriul xdomilebaTa ganuwyvetlobas da pirovnul_socialur ZalisxmevaTa mouduneblobas evropis mTel sivrceSi. swored am faqtis gacnobierebaa CvenTvis mniSvnelovani da ara TavisTavad ganmanaTleblobis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba. mivuTiTeb ernst kassireris brwyinvale wignze ~ganmanaTleblobis filosofia~ (Ernst Kassirer ~ La philosophie des Lumières~ Fayard 1990). sxva sakiTxia, rom ganmanaTleblobam Semdgomad calmxrivad racionalisturi mimarTuleba miiRo, ramac XX saukuneSi dekulturizaciasa da usulgulo masobriv arsebobasTan (krizisTan) migviyvana. magram es sxva epoqaTa problemaa da ara TavisTavad ganmanaTleblobisa.

18. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT am moZraobaSi ruseTic iyo CarTuli, Tu miviRebT velobaSi ruseTis karis mier evropel moazrovneTa miwvevis cdas da ekaterine II ganmanaTleblebTan mimoweras, magram am cdas da am mimoweras uSualo Sedegi ar gamouRia, da ruseTSi ganmanaTleblur ~ kogitalur arsebobaze~ gadasvla ar ganxorcielda. am CamorCenam didi daRi daasva ruseTis ganviTarebas da aacdina igi evropul dros da gzas. ix. Cemi ~ ruseTi da evropa~ _ iveria 36; parizi..

19. horizontaluri ganviTareba gulisxmobs qveyanaSi arsebuli materialuri resursebis damuSavebasa da gamoyenebas, anu am resursebze dafuZnebas socioekonomikuri da geopolitikuri ganviTarebisa. horizontalur ganviTarebaSi koloniaTa sivrcec Semodis. vertikaluri ekonomikuri ganviTareba gulisxmobs, rom qveyanas Tavisi ganviTarebis safuZvlad aqvs aRebuli ara sakuTari qveynis materialuri (bunebrivi) mocemulobebi, aramed finansiuri da organizaciuli sistemis xarjze aRwevs ganviTarebas. vertikaluri ekonomika SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod meoce saukuneSi, socialuri reorganizaciisa da finansiur urTierTobaTa mondializaciis (gamsofliurebis) pirobebSi da safuZvelze. saukeTeso magaliTia germania da iaponia, kidev ufro mWermetyveli honkongi, taivani da sxva patara ekonomikuri ~oazisebi~. ra Tqma unda am ukanaskneli qveynebis ekonomikuri mdgradobis xangrZlivobis sakiTxs didi kiTxvis niSani uzis, magram es sruliad sxva rigis sakiTxia.

20. termini evropis sinamdvileSi sakmaod gvian Semodis. ase magaliTad frangul enaSi is pirvelad 1337 iqna naxmari administratoris mniSvnelobiT; 1361 wels orezmma misca mas ~administrirebis~ mniSvneloba da Semdeg ukve saukuneTa manZilze ivseboda da zustdeboda terminis ~ ekonomia~ moculoba da mniSvneloba, vidre dRevandlamde, rodesac masSi arsebiTad sawarmoo urTierTobaTa mTeli sistema igulisxmeba da sul ufro da ufro politikuri ekonomiis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba socialur mecnierebaSi. magram Cven aq am cnebas vixmarT misi sruli azriT yvela niuansis gaTvaliswinebiT, radgan kulturis formaSi ekonomia da ekonomika faravs adamianis da adamianTa erTobis moqmedebisa da urTierTobebis vrcel sferos. fridrix fon haieki amgvarad gagebul ekonomikas uwodebs katalaqsias, berZnuli zmnis katalatienis mixedviT, rac niSnavs erTsa da imave dros gacvlas, vinmes miRebas erTobaSi da mtris megobrad gardaqmnas. amgvari katalaqsiis safuZvels haieki xdavs sabazro urTierTobebSi.

21. amgvari regresiuli sistemis magaliTia sabWoTa socialisturi sistema, iseve, rogorc nacionalsocialisturi. amgvar totalistur da utopiur sistemebs Sinagani winaaRmdegobis moxsna, mxolod, romelime mxaris (ekonomikuris, socialuris, politikuris,... kulturis) sruli represiiTa da mospobiT SeeZloT. Sedegad fuZndeboda ~fsevdoekonomika~, ~ fsevdosocialuri sistema~ da ~fsevdokultura~, romelic amovardnili iyo istoriidan, istoriul ZalisxmevaTa ganuwyvetlobidan da iqceoda TviTdamrRvev da TviTmomspob sistemad, romelic Slida adamianur qsovils (mentalursa da suliers). am daSlis xarisxze miuTiTebs yofil sabWoTa respublikebis mosaxleobis mier mis winaSe aRmoCenil realur problemaTa mouxelTaobisa da gaucnobiereblobis faqti. razedac araerTgzis mimiTiTebia am ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis manZilze. totalitarizmis kritika mravali aspeqtiT aqvT mocemuli Tavis mravalricxovan ekonomikur da sociofilosofiur SromebSi, fon haieks, karl poppers, sxvadasva politikuri da socialuri aspeqtebiT maqs vebers, hanna arendts da sxvebs, romelTa CamoTvlasac ki calke werili dasWirdeba. aRvniSnav merab mamardaSvilis filosofiur cdebsac am mimarTulebiT.

22. nacionalizmisa da kosmopolitizmis Sesaxeb ixileT qarTuli ~ integraluri nacionalizmis~ meore didi warmomadgenlis vaJa fSavelas werili ~patriotizmi da kosmopolitizmi~. agreTve Cemi ~ gvelismWameli. gagebis cda~ parizi 1989/90

23. am Temaze sakmaod didi litaratura arsebobs. me mivuTiTeb samagaliTod amerikeli senatoris jessi holmsis werilze, romlis saTauria: ~nacionalizmi komunisturi internacionalizmis erTaderTi alternativa~ 1975 w. seqtember-oqtombris ABN Correspondence(Bulletin of The Antibolsheviq Bloc of Nations) gv. 3.

24. unda aRiniSnos, rom germanuli rasiuli nacionalizmis aRzevebas, iseve, rogorc are franguli nacionalizmis (morasi da sxvebi) Camoyalibebas didad Seuwyo xeli ~ istoriulma pirobebma~, romlebSic safrangeTi (germaniasTan marcxis Semdeg) da germania (versalis zavis Semdeg) imyofebodnen. es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom nacionalizms kvebavs sruliad realurad arsebuli pirobebi, romlebic ganicdeba rogorc saSiSroeba da safrTxe mospobisa, an damcrobisa, Seuracxyofisa. es ukanaskneli warmoSobs nacionalizmis im formebs, romlebsac ufro Sovinizms vuwodebT, da romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo CvenTvis saintereso ilia WavWavaZis, vaJas da qarTvel nacionalistTa kritikul-ganmaTleblur da realpolitikur, anu integralur nacionalizmTan. xolo ~perestroikulad~ marTul ~axal erovnul moZraobas~ da mis ~nacionalizms~ ki piriqiT, aZlevs swored am Sovinistur xasiaTs.

25. SesaZloa am ultraTanamedrove terminebisa da cnebebis ilia WavWavaZis socialuri filosofiisa da strategiisaTvis miyeneba vinmes eCoTiros, magram me swored imis miniSneba da damtkiceba minda, rom ilia WavWavaZis socialuri da politikuri koncefcia ara mxolod ubralod liberaluri iyo, aramed im gagebiTac liberaluri, rogoric fridrix fon haiekisa da karl popperis liberalizmia, Tumca, bunebrivia, ilias integraluri nacionalizmi, gacilebiT ufro farTe aspeqtSi da pirdapiri azriT ganmanaTleblurad (ganaTlebis pirdapiri saskolo mniSvnelobiTac!) aiZulebda efiqra da ewera mas. iliasa da mis mkiTxvel da aramkiTxvel sazogadoebas Soris iseTive manZili iyo rogoric haieksa da dRevandel mkiTxvel da aramkiTxvel saqarTvelos Soris. ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli literatura, publicistika da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba ganmanaTlebluri nacionalizmis erTian sistemad gaiazreba, cxadia (sakmarisi iqneboda martooden SemoqmedebiTi matianes Tematikis gacnobac), magram me mxolod im magaliTebs mivuTiTeb, romlebSic ukomentarodac SeiZleba integraluri nacionalizmis strategiis ~RerZis~ Secnoba. dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis Zneli ar unda iyos ilia WavWavaZis mTeli Semoqmedebis am TvalsazrisiT gadaazreba da mis nawerebSi dRevandelobis danaxva.

26. tipologiurad totalisturi da utopiuri teqnikratiuli da revolucionisturi miswrafeba da ideologia isaxeba ukve marqsis cnobil formulaSi: ~filosofosebs sxva araferi uqniaT garda imisa, rom sxvadasxva gvarad aexsnaT samyaro, maSin rodesac sakiTxi exeba mis gardaqmnas~ marqsizmisa da ilias SeuTavseblobas, da marqsistebisa da erTob, socialistebis, mier ilias srul miuReblobas, maT mier ilias ~retrogradad~, ~reaqcionerad~, ~kola­borantad~ da sxva misTanani, gamocxadebas da bolos, ilias mokvlas, gacilebiT ufro Rrma safuZveli aqvs, vidre zedapirze Cans. is faqtic, rom ilias dResac ver igueben ideologebi, da isic, rom ilia ~eklesias gadauloces~, socialuri da politikuri asparezidan ~gaiyvanes~ da daviwyebas miacemines ~revoluciur Zalebs~(wmidanze, mis naazrevze socialuri da politikuri teqnologiis terminebSi msjeloba fsiqologiur dabrkolebas awydeba, xolo misi kritikuli analizi amave terminebSi SeuZlebeli xdeba) mravlis metyvelia da miuTiTebs imaze, rom saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gabatonebulia utopiur_ideologiuri istoricistuli (da arsebiTad marqsistuli) Tvalsazrisi, romelic sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis horizonts abstraqtuli modelebiT avsebs da uSualod sakeTebel konkretul saqmes umalavs mzeras.

27. karl popperis zusti daformulebiT ~totalistur an utopiur socioteqnikas arasodes ara aqvs ~kerZo~ xasiaTi, aramed yovelTvis ~sazogado~ . igi miswrafebulia gansazRvruli gegmisa an ~maketis~ Sesatyvisad gardaqmnas ~globaluri sazogadoeba~ da cdilobs ~daeuflos umTavres poziciebs~ da gaavrcos ~ saxelmwifos Zalaufleba... vidre saxelmwifo TiTqmis ar gauigivdeba sazogadoebas. amasTanave, igi iswrafis, am ~umTavresi poziciebidan~ gaakontrolos istoriuli Zalebi, romlebic evoluciaSi myofi sazogadoebis momavals ayalibeben, an am evoluciis SewyvetiT, an misi mimarTulebebis winaganWvretiT da misTvis sazogadoebis adaptirebiT~ Karl Popper ~Misère de l'Historicisme~ Press Pocket 1988, Paris gv. 86. Cven qveviT davubrundebiT karl popperis safuZvlian Tvalsazriss da ilias ~popperisebur~ ~ socialur fragmentalur teqnologias~ .

28. evropuli nacionalizmi, romelmac metad mravalferovani gamoxatuleba hpova meoce saukunis frangul, germanul, espanur, italiur, portugalur da sxva nacionalistur doqtrinebSi da moicva socialuri da politikuri sistemebi socializmis masaTa diqtaturidan avtodiqtaturamde da demokratiamde (Drumont, Barrés, Bourget, Maurras, Hitler, Ledesma Ramos, Péten, Corradini, Mussolini, Primo de Rivera, Rebondo, Sardinha, Salazar... da sxva...) metad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo meoce saukunis azrovnebaSi da misi sagangebod da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ~ukompleqsod~ Seswavla aucilebelia. nacionalizmis sxvadasxva formebs Soris (romantiuli, eTnorasiuli, socialisturi, komunisturi, politikuri, religiur-ideologiuri...) ilia WavWavaZis, vaJafSavelas, arCil jorjaZis, mixako wereTlis da sxvaTa ~qarTuli integraluri nacionalizmi~ metad Tavisebur da garkveulwilad gansakuTrebulsac, movlenas warmoadgens. amitom mimaCnia, rom evropuli nacionalizmis erToblivi Seswavla da sakuTriv qarTul nacionalizmTan Sejereba metad mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs dagvanaxebs qarTuli politikuri da socialuri azrovnebisa. termini ~integraluri nacionalizmi~ ixmareboda qarTvel ~qarTlo­sianelTa~ mierac (viqtor nozaZe, Salva maRlakeliZe da sxvebi) Tavisi darazmulobis frangul saxelwodebaSi (qarTulad ~saqarTvelos faSisturi darazmuloba~, xolo frangulad ki ~ Nationalisme Intégral~ ) qarTuli saxelwodeba italiuri faSizmidan momdinareobda da Tanadrouli saerToevro­puli nacionalizmis erTgvari qarTuli variacia iyo; rac Seexeba ~integralur nacionalizms~, igi Sarl morasis nacionalisturi koncefciis gamoxatuleba iyo. amdenad 30-iani wlebis qarTveli nacinalistebi frangul_italiuri nacionalizmis sinTezs axdendnen Tavis nacionalistur ZiebebSi, rac mravalmxriv sainteresos xdis am Ziebebs. samwuxarod dasrulebuli koncefciis saxiT es Ziebebi ar Camoyalibebula, xolo nacional-socialistebis mier atexilma omma ki nacionalizms socializmis sasargeblod sabolood daasva negatiuri daRi. Cems mier xmareba am terminisa ~ganma­naTlebluri_kritiuli da realpolitikuri nacionalizmis~ sinonimad, efuZneba Cems integralur meTodologiur da filosofiur Ziebebs da Sinaarsobrivad gansxvavebulia. nacionalizmisadmi iqneba miZRvnili ~Tavisuflebisa da federalizmis~ mesame wigni: ~Tavisufleba, nacionalizmi da federalizmi~. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TavisTavad italiuri faSizmis Seswavla aseve kritikulad unda moxdes, radgan masac igive bedi ewia, rac saerTod nacionalizms meore msoflio omis Semdeg. Cemi zogadi TvalsazrisiT, es nacionalisturi moZRvrebebi erTob socialisturi totalizmis, istoricizmisa da utopiuri fatalizmiT arian daRdasmulni da antiliberaluri ideologiis gamomxatvelni. praqtikulad es mimarTavda sazogadoebas totalitaruli sistemis ama Tu im saxisaken, rac kidec Seiqna safuZveli praqtikaSi maTi kraxisa. ufro dawvrilebiT, ix. Cemi ~federalizmi da Tavisufleba...~(1993) (am wignis pirveli da meore nawilebi gamoica 1995 wels q-e institutSi. 1997 wels ki gamomcemloba diogenem gamosca – red. SeniSvna).

29. bizantiis paleologiuri renesansis tragikulma dasrulebam, cxadia, sruliad gansakuTrebuli pirobebi Seuqmna saqarTvelos da aRmosavleT evropas (orTodoqsulsac da kaTolikursac). mTlianad qristianuli evropis da kerZod saqarTvelos istoriis am faqtis mimarT gadaazreba jer kidev elis ganxor­cielebas. radgan, saerTo aRiarebiT, saqarTvelos istoria da ganviTarebis veqtori bizantiis mospobiT kardinalurad Seicvala, aucilebelia am sakiTxis integraluri Seswavla xmelTaSua zRvis Crdilo aRmosavleT regionis, dasavleT da centraluri evropisa da ruseTis istoriis SedarebiTi istoriul kulturologiuri analiziT. zogadi saxiT (sakiTxTa dasmis doneze) es ganxiluli maqvs wignSi ~ubisi anu renesani ~urenesansod~.

30. amJamad rom ~ nou hau~ (anu ~vici, rogor unda gavakeTo es~) ewodeba.

31. msgavs movlenas hqonda adgili TiTqmis yvela kolonialur qveyanaSi. metad sagulisxmo magaliTia indoeTis magaliTi. indoel nacionalistTa mTeli Taoba (vivekananda da sxvebi) oqsfordsa da kembrijSi iyo ganswavluli, da Tavdapirvelad agdebulad uyurebdnen sakuTriv indur kulturas, Semdeg ki radikalur nacionalistabad iqcnen, rogorc amas TviT vivekananda aRiarebs ramakrisnasadmi miZRvnil wignSi ~maswavleblis fexebTan~. igive meTodi gamoiyeneboda frangebis mierac Tavis koloniebSi.

32. am Temaze ix. miTiTebuli ~totalitarizmis reinkarnacia~, ~ruseTi da evropa~, ~adamiani ZaRli ar aris yvelafers eCveva~, agreTve rihard paipsis ~ruseTi Zveli reJimis qveS~.

33. Tu marTalia is, rom 1907 wlis dekemberSi saimperatoro karze momzadda saqarTvelos samefos aRdgenis manifesti georgievskis traqtatis safuZvelze, saeWvo ar unda iyos, rom es saqme ilia WavWavaZis muSaobis metad Rrma kvals atarebs da Cemi hipoTeza amis gamo ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb socialdemokratTa (orive frTis) mier (ix. Cemi gadacemebi ~ilia WavWavaZe _ eris didi mama~, romelTa safuZvelzedac Seiqmna winamdebare werili. _ ~radioJurnali saqarTvelo~ 1983—1986 w), realur safuZvels hpovebs. magram dRemde am manifestis teqsti (an samuSao piri) mikvleuli ar aris da hipoTeza rCeba madve. sakiTxavi isicaa, Tu rogor formaSi unda momxdariyo saqarTvelos aRdgena? Tu es iyo mxolod ~georgievskis traqtatis~ mixedviT, maSin saqme SeiZleba Sexeboda mxolod qarTl_kaxeTs (razedac, saeWvoa, ilia daTanxmebuliyo!). xolo Tu amas safuZvlad edo istoriuli da tradiciuli, anu qristianuli saqarTvelos samefos gageba, maSin es kidev ufro aRrmavebs ilia WavWavaZis saqmesa da saxes. da ruseTis saimperatoro karis Rirsebas sxva naTels hfens. me vfiqrob, rom, Tu amgvari ram saerTod arsebobda, saqme swored saqarTvelos erTiani qristianuli samefos aRdgenas Seexeboda, radgan TavisTavad ruseTis sazRvrebi ukve moicavda saqarTvelos im nawilsac, romelic TurqeTSi mdebareobs. ruseTisaTvis amgvari saqarTvelo axali geopolitikuri erTeuli xdeboda, romelic ~ rbilad~ acilebda Tavidan TurqeTTan ganuwyveteli pirdapiri konfrontaciis problemas da amave dros mTeli saqristiano aRmosavleTis realur winamZRolad (mfarvelad) aqcevda ruseTs. liberaluri konstituciur monarqiuli wyobis mqone qarTul_rusuli ~tandemi~ sakmaod seriozul politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul Zalad iqceoda, rac sruliad sxvagvar geopolitikur ganzomilebas sZenda rogorc ruseTis aRmosavlur da dasavlur politikas, aseve qarTul politikur interesebsac kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis auzis mimarT. Cemis azriT ilia WavWavaZis strategiaSi swored amgvari miznis arsebobas adasturebs dasavleT saqarTvelosadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturuli erTianobisa da socialuri erTobis ideis ganuwyveteli propagireba.



34. es iyo ruseTis marqsistuli socialdemokratiis orive ganyofileba saqarTveloSi rogorc menSevikuri, aseve bolSevikuri, romlebsac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeTanxmebuli programa hqondaT socializmis an socialdemokratiis sazRvrebSi da erT xazs adgnen, vidre ar daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs Zalauflebis sakiTxSi. sainteresoa is, rom saqarTveloSi socialdemokratiis kritika erovnuli opoziciis mxridan mimdinareobda ara ganyofilad, rogorc bolSevikebisa Tu menSevikebisa, aramed saerTod, rogorc marqsistuli socialdemokratiisa, romelic saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs upirispirdeboda. menSevikebi da bolSevikebi, rogorc irkveva, mxolod saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dros iwyeben qarTul SegnebaSi ganyofas da urTierTdapirispirebas, radganac ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi bolSevikebi daupirispirdnen menSevikebs da ganasaxieres ruseTSi arsebuli komunisturi Zalaufleba. menSevikebis lideri noe Jordania swored socialistur niadagze uaxlovdeboda bolSevikebs da lenins, radganac misTvis saqarTveloze win socialisturi erToba da proletaruli internacionalizmi idga ideologiurad. amis dadastureba isic aris, rom, rodesac leninma 1921 wels depeSa gamoagzavna saqarTveloSi, swored is aRniSna, rom, iqneb ~Cven vipovoT iseTi kaci, rogoric iyo noe Jordania, romelsac saqarTvelos gasabWoebamdec undoda CvenTan TanamSromloba garkveul pirobebzeo~. ra garkveuli pirobebi iyo es jerjerobiT ar aris gamorkveuli sabolood, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi gamovlena, nawilobriv mainc, SesaZlebeli iqneba 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis CaRrmavebuli analiziT, radgan am xelSekrulebam gauxsna xelebi ruseTs da Seamzada niadagi saqarTvelos dapyrobisaTvis.

35. ~dro, maradiulobis moZravi saxea.~ _ ambobs platoni. maradiuloba metarealobaa, dro realoba. sinamdvile droSi, drois msvlelobaSi vlindeba. am msvlelobis, mdinarebis modusia daviwyeba, radgan ~erTsa da imave mdinareSi orjer ver SevalT~, anu im wertils, romelic warvida veRar mivubrundbiT, Tu es wertili realobidan metarealobaSi da e.i. maradiulobaSi ar gadavida da mexsierebaSi, romelic maradiulobis modalobaa, ar aRmoCnda. xolo, radganac, dro da maradiuloba erTia, amitom mexsierebaSi aRmoCenili, SesaZlebelia, isev droSi Semovides. metarealobis (maradiulis) realobaSi (droSi) amgvari Semosvla, RirebulebiTi Semosvla aris, anu is, rasac istoria ewodeba. Tu dro qvavdeba qvavdeba maradiulobac. yofiereba wertilovani xdeba. Cndeba ~ Savi naxvreti~ . anu is, rasac simbolurad jojoxeTi ewodeba. SesaniSnavi qarTuli dalocva: ~sikvdilsac daviwyebixar~ niSnavs ~RmerTs ar daviwyebode~-s, (aseve ~ Sesandobaric~, ~gaxsenebac~ da sxva) radgan ukvdaveba mexsierebis formiT arsebobs. kvdebi maSin, rodesac RmerTi ~giviwyebs~. es kargad Cans qristes mier jojoxeTSi myofTa ~ar daviwyebaSic~ .

37. qrestomaTiul magaliTad gamodgeba germanuli nacional_socialisturi totalitarizmi, romelmac Tavisufali azris mospobiT (azrovnebis kontroliT) da civilizebuli germaneli eris ~masad~ gadaqceviT, ramdenime weliwadSi SesZlo misi totaluri gavelureba. ekonomikurad Tu ra warmateba hqonda amave dros germanias es sayovelTaodaa cnobili.